In the case of Hawking rays, from the study of many theories about the universe of famous physicist Stephen Hawking, astrophysicists were interested in studying Hawking rays because they believed that this type of radiation make the black hole gradually evaporated until one day
Hawking radiation is black body radiation emitted by a black hole. due to quantum phenomena near the event horizon
Hawking rays name Named after its discoverer, astrophysicist Stephen Hawking. The theoretical reasoning in 1974 that this type of radiation exists. It was after Jacob Begenstein had put forward the hypothesis that Black holes should have a temperature and entropy constrained above zero.
The clearest photograph of a black hole captured by a human telescope / EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE COLLABORATION
Normally, black holes have enormous gravitational pulls. Or any energy that passes through the event horizon cannot be accelerated out of a black hole. Even electromagnetic waves or light, so the black hole is likely to be larger and more massive.
However, from the discovery of Hawking radiation This allows the black hole to decrease in mass and energy. If a black hole loses more energy from Hawking radiation than it gains from absorbing masses and energies for long enough, it’s likely to lose more energy. will make the black hole smaller and eventually disappear This phenomenon is called black hole evaporation The smaller the black hole, such as a microscopic black hole, radiates more and evaporates faster than a larger black hole.
General relativity and the hypothesis of the existence of black holes.
A black hole is a celestial object in the universe with very high gravity. Nothing can move out of this area. With the exception of black holes, scientists have not been able to see the center of a black hole in the past.
Black holes have their own boundaries called event horizon If an object falls into the event horizon Objects must accelerate more than the speed of light in order to escape from the event horizon. but in reality No object has yet been faster than the speed of light and therefore has been engulfed by the black hole’s immense gravity.
Illustration of a black hole attracting a neutron star / Illustration NASA
In 1915, Albert Einstein published the Theory of general relativity, one of the most mysterious and surprising predictions of general relativity. is the existence of black holes. Einstein predicted that when a massive star collapses at the end of its life, It will leave a small core. remaining, but very dense
If the mass of the core is more than 3 times the mass of the Sun From the field equation of Einstein’s law of gravitation, it is shown that Gravitation overcomes all other forces and compresses the core until it reaches a tiny volume and forms a black hole.
Shortly after the announcement of general relativity, German physicist Karl Schwarzschild discovered the solution to Einstein’s field equations for the first time by Schwarzchild found that Einstein’s theory It seems to allow for some special regions in spacetime where gravitational attraction is extremely high. The boundaries of this area are called “Event horizon”, a point from which nothing can return, whether light or object.
until now Astrophysicists have discovered at least six black holes in the universe, divided into four categories:
1. Supermassive black holes It is the black hole in the center of the galaxy.
2. Intermediate black holes
3. Stellar black holes caused by the extinction of stars
4. Micro black holes or quantum black holes which occurred in the early days of the universe
Illustration David Aguilar
To this day, no scientist has ever seen the true shape of a black hole. as if we could not see the wind But aware of the existence, so the study over the past time. It is a study through the presence of black holes affecting objects in orbit outside the event horizon.
For example, a black hole may be observed by following a constellation orbiting within the black hole’s center. or gas may be observed (from a companion star) being attracted to the black hole. The gas will roll inside. They will heat to extremely high temperatures and emit huge amounts of radiation that can be detected by telescopes orbiting the Earth.
Therefore, observations have resulted in scientific consensus that black holes do indeed exist in the universe. according to the latest understanding Black holes are explained by general relativity. which predicted that when a very large mass in a small area The path in that empty space is distorted all the way to the center of the volume. so that no objects or radiation can come out
While the general theory of relativity explains Black holes are empty regions with a singularity at the center and at the edge of the event horizon. This description changed when physicists discovered quantum mechanics. Research on this topic has shown that in addition to black holes pulling on matter forever. and there is also a gradual release of inner energy called Hawking radiation. However, there is still no valid explanation of black holes according to quantum theory.
Illustration NASA/JPL/CALTECH
When general relativity combines with quantum mechanics
to explain how nature works The study of physics over the past century Physicists are interested in two great theories: general relativity and quantum mechanics The conflict between the two halves of physics has been going on for more than a century.
according to general relativity Black holes are regions with high gravitational field values. able to attract surrounding matter And those matter cannot escape the gravitational pull of black holes. Therefore, black holes should be completely black. and has accumulated mass until it becomes larger and larger
On the other hand, considering the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, (Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle), a fundamental theory in quantum mechanics. will find uncertainty in the position of the particle and uncertainty in momentum or velocity. It is therefore impossible to observe particles moving faster than light. This principle allows superfast particles to escape from the black hole.
Stephen Hawking giving a lecture in Texas in 2010 / Dave Einsel Photographs
It wasn’t until 1974 that Stephen Hawking revolutionized the theory of black holes, discovering that when the quantum laws governing atomic and elementary particle physics were applied to black holes, His mathematical equations showed surprising results.
That is, in fact black holes are not. completely black Something can escape from a black hole. Since quantum phenomena are random, they cannot be determined with certainty. What kind of particles will escape? or at what time such an event will occur
The result is Over time, there is a continuous flow of particles and energy from the black hole. This is emitted as heat radiation just like a black body that radiates heat to the environment.
This ray has been named “Hawking radiation,” which results in a black hole glowing slightly. The energy lost by Hawking radiation causes the black hole to slowly decrease in mass. and eventually evaporated This theory is therefore one of the most profound connections ever made between the worlds of quantum physics and Einstein’s theory of general relativity.
Hawking radiation has had a great influence on the pursuit of modern physics. which is a theory of everything (Theory of Everything) that can combine general relativity with quantum mechanics If Hawking’s theory is correct It could lead scientists to a deeper understanding of the study of astrophysics.
Scientists around the world therefore question the existence of all things. “or the end of the universe is the complete evaporation of all things.”
Searched and compiled Napatradanai.
Reference
Stephen Hawking’s black hole mystery “Hawking information paradox” may be solved by ‘quantum lines’ information – traces of stars in black holes.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/hawking-radiation
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-020-01076-0
https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/what-is-hawking-radiation/
https://www.britannica.com/science/Hawking-radiation
https://www.sciencealert.com/hawking-radiation