Understanding Heart Disease in Women: Types, Symptoms, and Prevention
Heart disease is a serious health concern that affects millions of women in the United States. In fact, it is the leading cause of death for women, accounting for about 1 in 5 female deaths, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Shockingly, more than 60 million American women are currently living with some form of heart disease. Despite these alarming statistics, only slightly over half of women are aware that heart disease is the number one killer for their gender.
To shed light on this important issue, CNN spoke with Dr. Leana Wen, a wellness expert and emergency physician. Dr. Wen, who is also an adjunct associate professor at George Washington University and a former health commissioner of Baltimore, provided valuable insights into the types of heart disease that women should be aware of, how heart disease affects women differently than men, symptoms that may indicate cardiac problems, and steps women can take to improve their cardiac health.
Types of Heart Disease
Dr. Wen explains that heart disease is an umbrella term that encompasses several cardiovascular conditions. The most common type of heart disease is coronary artery disease, which occurs when the arteries in the heart become narrowed or blocked by cholesterol deposits. This condition, along with vascular disease (disease in blood vessels), is the leading cause of heart attacks and strokes. Risk factors for coronary artery disease include hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, and smoking.
Another type of heart disease is heart rhythm abnormalities, such as atrial fibrillation. This condition causes irregular heartbeats and can lead to complications like blood clots, stroke, and heart failure. Heart failure itself is another form of heart disease that occurs when the heart is damaged or weakened. Causes of heart failure include heart attacks, chronic conditions like high blood pressure and excessive alcohol use, and certain viral or bacterial infections. Additionally, there can be abnormalities in the structure of the heart, such as defects in the valves or a hole in the heart wall, which can be congenital or develop over time due to various factors.
Gender Differences in Heart Disease
Dr. Wen highlights that heart disease can affect women differently than men. From birth, women tend to have smaller hearts and blood vessels compared to men. This difference in size and structure contributes to women having a higher likelihood of developing heart disease in the smaller arteries of their heart, which can be harder to diagnose. Hormonal changes, such as fluctuations in estrogen levels, throughout a woman’s lifetime can also impact her risk of coronary artery disease. Additionally, women are more likely to have certain conditions that increase their risk of heart disease, including anemia and endometriosis.
Heart Disease and Pregnancy
Pregnancy can also pose specific cardiac problems for women. Medical conditions like gestational diabetes and high blood pressure can manifest during pregnancy and influence heart health both during pregnancy and later in life. There may also be preexisting heart conditions that only become apparent during the stress of pregnancy and childbirth. It is crucial for women of child-bearing age to be aware of these conditions and prioritize their heart health before, during, and after pregnancy.
Recognizing Symptoms and Seeking Medical Attention
Knowing the symptoms of heart disease is essential for women to seek prompt medical attention. While chest pain is a classic symptom of a heart attack, women may experience more vague and non-classic symptoms, including fatigue, nausea, upper abdomen discomfort, and pain in areas like the jaw, neck, back, or shoulders. Studies have shown that women are often misdiagnosed, with their heart attack symptoms being attributed to heartburn or even psychiatric manifestations. It is crucial for women to trust their instincts and advocate for themselves when it comes to their health.
Warning Signs of Other Heart Problems
Dr. Wen emphasizes that individuals with heart rhythm abnormalities may experience palpitations, lightheadedness, and a sudden irregular heartbeat. Those with congestive heart failure may notice a gradual worsening of their ability to exercise, shortness of breath, swelling in the legs, and the need for more pillows to sleep comfortably. These symptoms may be subtle but should not be ignored. It is important to listen to your body and seek care if something feels off.
Improving Cardiac Health
To improve cardiac health, Dr. Wen advises women to manage existing medical conditions that increase their risk of heart disease, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Lifestyle changes, including maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, adopting a nutritious diet, exercising regularly, managing stress, prioritizing sleep, and taking care of mental well-being, can all contribute to a healthier heart.
Conclusion
Heart disease is a significant health concern for women, and it is crucial for them to be aware of the different types of heart disease, understand the gender differences in how it affects them, recognize symptoms that may indicate cardiac problems, and take steps to improve their cardiac health. By being proactive and prioritizing their well-being
