At the beginning of September, Inrae and the University of Tours filed a patent for a candidate vaccine by nasal administration, after promising results on animals.
According to the head of the BioMAP research team, Isabelle Dimier-Poisson, the tests showed “100% survival” on mice vaccinated then infected with Covid-19, against “100% mortality” on unvaccinated mice.
“Vaccinated animals are 100% protected against the symptomatic forms and a fortiori the serious forms of the virus. And they have very few viruses so they are no longer contagious, it is one of the interests of the nasal passage ”, also underlined Philippe Mauguin, CEO of Inrae.
How to explain these encouraging results? In a July article in Science, researchers Frances Lund and Troy Randall recall that compared to intramuscular vaccines, intranasal vaccines provide two additional layers of protection.
The first is IgA, a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of the mucous membranes. The second is the creation of “memory” B and T cells which reside in the respiratory mucous membranes and form a barrier against infection in these areas.
“When the virus infects a person, it generally enters the nose, the idea is to close the front door”, decrypts Nathalie Mielcarek, research director at Inserm, at the head of a team at the Institut Pasteur in Lille, which is working on a nasal vaccine against whooping cough.
“With intramuscular vaccines, we manage to induce an immune response in the mucous membranes but not very long and not very strong, it is more interesting to immunize at the nasal level”, adds Morgane Bomsel, immunologist, research director at CNRS at the Cochin Institute.
“Like a booster”
Faced with Covid-19, the vaccines currently on the market provide strong protection against severe cases of the disease, less against the risk of transmission.
By vaccinating in the nose, the idea is to fight against the virus but also against its spread. “We have less virus which subsequently infects the lungs, therefore fewer serious forms since the viral load is lower, and also less risk of transmission to other people that we might cross,” explains Nathalie Mielcarek.
But these nasal vaccines are, for the most part, yet to be evaluated in humans even though one has already been used in the United States against seasonal influenza.
According to the WHO, eight nasal vaccines are currently under clinical evaluation, that is to say in human testing, the most advanced being that developed by a group of universities and Chinese companies.
Several dozen vaccines are also in preclinical stages.
In France, the Institut Pasteur associated with the biotech Theravectys has, after the appearance of Covid-19, quickly developed a vaccine encoding the Spike antigen, the protein that allows SARS-CoV? 2 to enter the cells.
“We tried several routes of administration and we noted, in preclinical trials, that when the injection was done by the nasal route, we had a complete eradication of the virus in animals”, notes Laleh Majlessi, research director at the within the common laboratory.
Another advantage of this injection through the nose: it protects against the spread of the virus in the brain.
Finally, it would be effective even against the most genetically distant variants of SARS-CoV 2 (such as beta, gamma, delta, Brazilian, South African, etc.), according to Laleh Majlessi.
Still, the laboratories need funding to advance their research on these vaccines.
If in rich countries, the majority of the population has already received first-generation vaccines, researchers are highlighting the benefit of a booster with these nasal injections.
“We can see that the immunity induced by the first vaccines does not last, we intend to offer ours as a + booster +”, advances Laleh Majlessi. Since they make it possible to reduce the transmission of the virus, “this could allow a return to life before the pandemic, without gestures of social distancing, and without masks”, even wants to believe Isabelle Dimier-Poisson.
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