The story of the Emirate of Transjordan earlier than it turned the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan – BBC Information Arabic

On Might 25, 1923, the British acknowledged the independence of the Emirate of Transjordan below the rule of Prince Abdullah bin Al Hussein, and on the identical day in 1946, the entire independence and institution of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan was introduced. However the Independence Settlement of the time, in addition to the 1928 Structure, said that monetary, navy and overseas affairs would stay within the palms of the British Resident.

The Encyclopædia Britannica states that this area, which is separated from historic Palestine by the Jordan River, performed a distinguished position in biblical historical past. The traditional biblical kingdoms of Moab, Gilead, and Edom are inside its borders, as is the well-known pink stone metropolis of Petra, the capital of the Nabataean Kingdom and the Roman district of Petra. British traveler Gertrude Bell described Petra: “It is like a fairy-tale metropolis, all pink and great.”

Throughout the First World Struggle, the Arabs joined the British towards the Ottomans within the 1916 rebellion. Lawrence turned a liaison officer and adviser to Faisal, the son of the chief of the -mach, Sharif Hussein bin Ali, in Mecca.

Lawrence, referred to as Lawrence of Arabia, was a famend inventor and a particularly influential theorist within the battle towards the Turks.

In October 1916, Sharif Hussein bin Ali proclaimed himself “King of the Arab Nations,” though the Allies solely formally acknowledged him as King of Hejaz.

The Arab forces succeeded in reducing the Hejaz Railway. In July 1917, the military of Prince Faisal bin Al Hussein captured Aqaba.

This was the primary main victory for Faisal’s forces given the significance of the port of Aqaba on the Pink Sea, and success continued as they steadily made their approach north.

On October 4, 1918, Faisal, on the head of his forces, entered Damascus, ending 400 years of Ottoman management.

The battles between the Arab forces and the Turkish military continued till the tip of 1918, amid the continued decline of the Turks, till the battle ended with the Treaty of Mudros between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire, in keeping with which the battles between the 2 events it was terminated.

By the tip of the battle and a cessation of hostilities, 35,000 Turkish troopers have been captured by Arab forces, and the identical quantity have been killed and wounded.

On March 20, 1920, the Syrian Normal Congress in Damascus elected Faisal I, son of Sharif Hussein bin Ali, as king of a united Syria (together with Palestine).

However just a few weeks later, the Allies divided the previous territories of the Ottoman Empire on the peace convention held in San Remo, Italy, in April 1920.

The Kingdom of Syria was divided, putting Syria and Lebanon below French custody and Palestine below British custody (or mandate).

France quickly attacked Faisal’s kingdom and occupied Damascus in July 1920 after the Battle of Maysalun.

In November 1920, Abdullah, Faisal’s brother, arrived in Ma’an in present-day southern Jordan (then a part of the Hijaz) with two thousand armed Ansar meaning to unite the tribes to assault to power the French, which pressured Faisal to desert him. kingdom

The Encyclopædia Britannica states that within the meantime Britain had established a sphere of affect in Iraq, and in 1917 through the First World Struggle, it had occupied the states of Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul , belonging to the Ottoman Empire.

Nevertheless, Iraq noticed an rebellion towards Britain in Might 1920 (the Twentieth Revolution), because the Iraqi folks felt that the guarantees made to them about independence had been deserted. , and required the deployment of over 100,000 British and Indian troops.

To cut back resistance to British rule, Britain determined in March 1921 to help Faisal as Iraq’s consultant to conclude a treaty with the ultimate situation of independence. Faisal accepted the plan and was warmly welcomed in Iraq, the place he was topped in August 1921.

By April 1921, the British determined that Abdullah ought to be the ruler of what was then referred to as the Emirate of Transjordan.

Thus, British rule was changed by Ottoman Turkish rule within the Transjordan area. The mandate, confirmed by the League of Nations in July 1922, gave Britain free rein to rule the area.

On 25 Might 1923, the British acknowledged the independence of the Emirate of Transjordan below the rule of Prince Abdullah bin Al Hussein, however, as specified within the treaty authorizing this and the 1928 Structure, ‘ monetary, navy and overseas affairs remained within the palms of the British authorities by means of its “resident” within the Emirate of Transjordan.

Full independence was lastly achieved after World Struggle II below a treaty concluded in London on March 22, 1946. After Abdullah declared himself king, a brand new structure was issued , and in 1949 the title of the state was modified to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

Born in 1882 in Mecca and died on 20 July 1951 in Jerusalem, Abdullah I used to be a statesman who turned the primary king of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan between 1946 and 1951.

Abdullah, the second son of Sharif Hussein bin Ali, the ruler of Hejaz, obtained his training in Istanbul through the so-called Ottoman Empire. After the Younger Turk Revolution in 1908, he represented Mecca within the Ottoman Parliament. In early 1914, he joined the Arab Nationwide Motion, which sought the independence of Arab lands from the Ottoman Empire.

From 1915 to 1916, he performed a key position within the secret negotiations between the British and his father that led to the declaration of the Arab Revolt towards the Ottomans on June 10, 1916.

When Faisal got here to the throne of Iraq, Abdullah took management of the Transjordan area, threatened to invade Syria, and steadily negotiated the authorized separation of Transjordan from the British Mandate of Palestine.

Abdullah aimed to create a united Arab kingdom that would come with Syria, Iraq and Transjordan. Throughout the Second World Struggle (1939-1945), he sided with the UK, and his military, the Arab Legion, participated with the British within the battle in Syria and Iraq in 1941.

In 1946, Transjordan gained independence, and Abdullah was topped in Amman on Might 25, 1946, and the institution of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan was introduced.

In 1947, when the United Nations decision was issued to divide Palestine into two Jewish and Arab states, King Abdullah I used to be the one Arab ruler who accepted the decision. That is in keeping with the Encyclopædia Britannica.

However when the battle with Israel began in Might 1948, his military joined different Arab forces: Egyptian, Syrian, Lebanese, Iraqi and Saudi forces. His forces entered the world west of the Jordan River, referred to as the West Financial institution, and his military additionally entered East Jerusalem, together with the Outdated Metropolis.

On July 20, 1952, whereas King Abdullah I used to be coming into the Al-Aqsa Mosque, he was assassinated and shot by a gunman. His son Talal’s reign was not brief, and the throne quickly handed to Hussein, Talal’s son.

Throughout the interwar years, Abdullah I used to be depending on British monetary help. The British additionally helped him to create an elite power referred to as the Arab Legion, made up of Bedouin forces, however below the command and coaching of British officers.

When the Jordanian military, referred to as the Arab Legion, was born, the title of the previous British officer Glubb Pasha appeared.

Glubb Pasha is Sir John Baggot Glubb, born on April 16, 1897 in Preston, Lancashire, England, and died on March 17, 1986 in Mayfield, East Sussex till 1956. It’s a military of Arab tribes ‘ in Transjordan and the state that Jordan left behind.

The son of a British Military officer, Globe attended the Royal Navy Academy after which rose by means of the ranks of the British Military. He served in Europe within the First World Struggle after which went to Iraq. In 1926, he resigned from the British Military to develop into an administrative inspector for the Iraqi authorities. He left this put up in 1930 when he acquired a contract to work within the forces of the Arab Legion in Transjordan, which was an inner police power earlier than the Second World Struggle.

Glubb turned commander of the Arab Legion in 1939 and remodeled it right into a disciplined military that may help the Allies in World Struggle II. After 1951, he established a Nationwide Guard to guard Jordan’s borders towards Israeli raids.

On March 1, 1956, the late Jordanian King Hussein bin Talal issued an order relieving Glubb Pasha from his put up, in addition to relieving all English officers of their assigned duties the 1946 settlement in what is known as the Arabization of the management. of the Arab Military.