Ammon – The discovery of the atom and its components took place in several stages, including the following points:
Dalton’s atomic theory:
In the nineteenth century, scientist John Dalton came to an important understanding that the atom was the smallest unit of matter and could not be broken down into smaller components. Dalton also explained the formation of elements and compounds through chemical experiments, and showed that elements are composed of similar atoms, while compounds are formed by the combination of different types of atoms.
Thomson’s discovery of the electron:
In 1897, scientist Joseph John Thomson discovered electrons, disproving the belief at the time that the atom was indivisible. Electrons are negatively charged particles found around the nucleus.
Rutherford’s atomic model:
Later, Ernest Rutherford built on Thomson’s ideas and presented a model of the atom that included a central nucleus composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons orbiting the nucleus.
Bohr model of electron movement:
Niels Bohr presented a more detailed theory about the movement of electrons, explaining that they revolve in specific orbits around the nucleus and can move between these orbits by absorbing or releasing energy.
An atom consists of three types of particles: protons, which have a positive charge, neutrons, which have no charge, and electrons, which have a negative charge.
There are different types of bonds between atoms:
Ionic bond: It is formed between two atoms, one carrying a positive charge and the other carrying a negative charge, where one of them loses an electron to balance the charge.
Covalent bond: Atoms share electrons in their final level to stabilize them.
Metallic bond: It is formed between atoms of metallic elements and depends on the electrical bonding forces between them.
These stages and concepts form the basis for understanding atoms and the chemical bonds between them.
