This species just isn’t but present in Europe, in contrast to ragweed, which took over massive components of northern Bulgaria and moved south
The European and Mediterranean plant safety group (European plant safety group – EPPO) included in its warning checklist (EPPO Alert Listing) a brand new invasiveinternational species Ambrosia grayi (grey ragweed) in Might 2024. The weed inhabits moist or seasonally moist grasslands, roadsides (roads and railways), ditches and arable, agricultural areas, the Meals Chain Threat Evaluation Middle reported (CORHV).
The species Ambrosia grayi is a herbaceous perennial plant of the Asteraceae household (Asteraceae), genus ragweed (Ambrosia), with the trivial identify grey ragweed.
The species can be discovered beneath the next synonyms: Franseria grayi A.NelsonFranseria tomentosa A. Grey 1849, Gaertneria grayi A.NelsonGaertneria tomentosa (A.Grey) Kuntze.
It got here from Israel, the place it was quarantined
Ambrosia grayi has been included within the EPPO Alert Listing on account of its institution for the primary time within the EPPO space (Israel) in 2017, in an space that primarily consists of agricultural land together with a wide range of cereal crops, vineyards and orchards. Efforts to eradicate this invasive weed undertaken by the Israeli phytosanitary authorities lately have resulted within the present unfold of Ambrosia grayi is proscribed inside an space of roughly 4 ha. The distribution space has been categorized as a “quarantine zone” and is beneath fixed surveillance to forestall additional unfold of this alien species.
The species Ambrosia grayi is native to North America – Northern Mexico. In the USA of America (USA), it’s acknowledged as an invasive weed.
Biology
Ambrosia grayi is a perennial herb that may attain a peak of 10–30 cm. The stems are erect and coated with brief and high quality hairs. When underground, the stems tackle a purple hue. The leaves are reverse, principally alternate, silver-gray in color, petioles 10-45 mm lengthy, with between three and 5 deeply minimize lengthy lobes. The outermost lobe is significantly dentate and elongated. Blades are elliptic to ovate.
The male inflorescences of Ambrosia grayi are situated above the feminine inflorescences, on the high of the stem. Every seed coat incorporates one or two seeds.
Within the US, Ambrosia grayi could be propagated by each seed and rhizomes, which may attain as much as 3 m deep within the soil. In Israel, the weed is taken into account to propagate solely via rhizomes, which may develop beneath a variety of temperature and soil moisture circumstances. Rhizomes can stay dormant in dry soils (greater than a month), however dormancy could be damaged when soil moisture will increase and reaches parameters from 25% to 60% of soil moisture capability. Propagation of Ambrosia grayi by seed in Israel is unlikely.
Plant safety
An efficient methodology of controlling Ambrosia grayi is remedy with herbicides, though the timing of their software is vital to their effectiveness, in addition to the necessity to apply a number of remedies.
In Israel, check remedies have been carried out towards Ambrosia grayi, beneath quarantine circumstances, with a mixture of the lively substances (a.v.): fluroxypyr+glufosinate; fluroxypyr+glyphosate and glyphosate+saflufenacil+adjuvant/adherent. Exams have proven excessive efficacy in controlling Ambrosia grayi. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of this chemical management methodology is extremely depending on the phenological growth (phenophase) of the plant.
Is the grey ragweed in Bulgaria?
At the moment, the invasive alien species Ambrosia grayi (Asteraceae) just isn’t current in Europe and Bulgaria. Upon inspection and suspicion of the presence of this invasive international weed, it’s essential to notify the official authorities instantly. Early detection might assist the administration (survey, forecast and management) of those weeds in Bulgaria.
One other sort of ragweed – the ragweed, is already an issue in our nation
In Europe, the genus ambrosia (Ambrosia) is represented by the next species: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (smooth-leaved ragweed), Ambrosia trifida L. (three-lobed big ragweed) and Ambrosia psilostachya DC (perennial ragweed). The commonest species of the genus Ambrosia in Europe and the European Union (EU) is Ambrosia artemisiifolia. The closely affected areas in Europe of this sort are: Hungary, Romania, Central and Southern Russia, Ukraine, in addition to some nations of the Balkan Peninsula.
Based on the data from the worldwide EPPO database, with the final replace of June 20, 2024, Ambrosia artemisiifolia is current on the territory of Bulgaria.
Potential routes for the introduction of this species into the nation are via the commerce and motion of grain or different plant supplies contaminated with the seeds of the species, imported from nations with the presence of the weed.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia is an annual herb rising between 15 and 120 cm tall. Ambrosia artemisiifolia is native to North America. Her seeds most likely are
reached our nation by chance, through the import of cereals on the finish of the twentieth century. It is potential he was
imported from an contaminated neighboring nation by street or rail, in addition to by river
Danube.
The harms from the unfold of this species are: diminished agricultural yields, threatened human well being and stress on pure biodiversity. Weeds aggressively compete with native species by massively occupying territories and quickly depleting vitamins from the soil, taking away gentle and area. This makes it not solely a menace to pure biodiversity, but in addition a harmful weed for agricultural crops, able to lowering yields by as much as 50%. In Bulgaria, it’s present in sunflower, corn and wheat plantations, and along with the unfavorable impact on the standard of the soil, it additionally creates critical difficulties for mechanized harvesting.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia reduces pasture productiveness as a result of animals don’t graze it.
Final however not least, the species additionally poses a direct danger to human well being. Its pollen is a powerful allergen and causes illnesses equivalent to hay fever, rhinoconjunctivitis, bronchial asthma, contact dermatitis and urticaria.
The species is already widespread in Bulgaria. It’s discovered alongside the Black Sea, North-Jap Bulgaria, the Danube Plain, the Pre-Balkans, the Sofia Area, the Thracian Plain and different areas as much as 800 m above sea degree.
Learn extra: Pulsar® Plus: The large PLUS+ within the combat towards weeds and Blue Wrist
Management of this invasive species could be very troublesome. Above all, controls are wanted on the import of seeds, agricultural merchandise, soil and sand that would include Ambrosia artemisiifolia seeds. If outbreaks of this species are discovered, they need to be eradicated/destroyed. Such locations needs to be monitored for newly sprouted people for 2-3 years. An efficient methodology of controlling Ambrosia artemisiifolia is organic management – planting competing species. Chemical management, with herbicides, can be utilized with cautious care of the encircling vegetation.
Supply: ТСОРХВ
Learn extra:
Why invasive species management shall be a part of farmers’ inexperienced practices after 2021.
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