Rise in Cases of ‘Parrot Fever’ Raises Concerns, but No Need to Panic, Say Scientists
Cases of a disease known as psittacosis, or “parrot fever,” have been on the rise in Europe, causing concerns among health authorities. The World Health Organization (WHO) released a statement on 5 March, revealing that five people have recently died from the illness. While the increase in cases is alarming, scientists are urging the public not to panic.
Psittacosis is caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia psittaci, which is found in various bird species. Humans can become infected through contact with birds, particularly parrots, parakeets, and mynah birds. It is important to note that this bacterium is different from the one that causes sexually transmitted chlamydia infections.
Several European countries, including Austria, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and The Netherlands, have reported higher-than-normal case counts in 2023 and early 2024. Additionally, outbreaks of the disease have been reported in poultry processing plants in the United States. However, the country has seen fewer than 10 cases annually since 2010, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Psittacosis typically manifests after individuals have had contact with parrots or other bird species. Dr. Patrick McHugh, an emergency medicine physician at Cleveland Clinic Akron General who specializes in wilderness medicine, explains that the disease is uncommon but can spread among humans. He states, “While we have recognized large psittacosis outbreaks for almost 100 years, person-to-person psittacosis transmission has long been suspected but has only been recognized in the last decade or so.”
Humans usually develop psittacosis after being exposed to dried bird droppings or secretions containing the bacterium. These dried secretions can produce bacteria-laden dust that humans can inhale if they come into contact with it. Dr. McHugh advises caution when cleaning bird cages or being in close proximity to bird droppings.
Certain individuals are more susceptible to contracting psittacosis due to their frequency of exposure. These include poultry farm workers, veterinarians, bird owners, and those who work in pet stores. However, for individuals who do not regularly come into contact with live birds, the risk of psittacosis is minimal.
It is important to note that there is no evidence to suggest that the disease can be spread through preparing or consuming cooked poultry, according to the CDC. Therefore, people who live in or have planned travel to the European countries with higher case counts do not need to change their plans or be anxious about the disease causing a pandemic.
However, experts emphasize the need for resources to be allocated to research efforts investigating the spread of psittacosis. Thaina Landim De Barros, an animal welfare scientist at Four Paws International, highlights the importance of prevention and addressing the root causes of zoonotic diseases. She states, “I would highlight the importance of focusing on prevention [and] addressing the root causes of zoonotic diseases and the interlink between the human-animal-environment interface.”
Whether at home or on vacation, individuals should take precautions when interacting with wildlife to avoid psittacosis and other illnesses. Gretel Tovar-Lopez, an assistant professor of exotic pet, wildlife, and zoological medicine at Kansas State University, advises avoiding areas where wild birds congregate and frequently washing hands if contact with birds is necessary.
Symptoms of psittacosis include fever and chills, nonproductive cough, headache, and muscle aches. If individuals experience these symptoms and have had recent contact with wildlife, they should seek medical attention and inform their physician. Psittacosis is a mild illness, and symptoms typically appear five to 14 days after exposure. It is rarely fatal, with less than one in 100 cases resulting in death.
Treatment for psittacosis involves antibiotics, such as doxycycline, which are effective in combating the illness. Prompt antibiotic treatment can help avoid complications like pneumonia. However, there is currently no vaccine available to prevent psittacosis.
While the increase in cases in certain countries is cause for concern, experts urge the public not to panic. It is crucial to maintain distance from birds whenever possible and seek medical attention if flu-like symptoms arise. Dr. Tovar emphasizes the importance of being mindful of the potential risks associated with bird droppings.
In conclusion, while the rise in cases of psittacosis, or “parrot fever,” is concerning, scientists assure the public that there is no need to panic. By taking necessary precautions and seeking medical attention if symptoms arise, individuals can protect themselves from this mild illness. Efforts should be focused on prevention and understanding the interlink between humans, animals, and the environment to combat zoonotic diseases effectively.
