Newly Discovered Coral Reefs: World’s Shallow Water Ecosystems Larger Than Previously Thought
The world’s coral reefs are much larger than we previously believed, according to a groundbreaking study. By utilizing satellite images, machine learning, and on-ground knowledge from a global network of individuals living and working on coral reefs, researchers have identified an additional 64,000 square kilometers (24,700 square miles) of coral reefs. This newly discovered area is equivalent to the size of Ireland, bringing the total size of the planet’s shallow reefs to 348,000 square kilometers – roughly the size of Germany.
The study not only revealed the expanded size of coral reefs but also provided valuable insights into their composition and structure. Within the 348,000 square kilometers of coral, approximately 80,000 square kilometers consist of hard bottoms, such as rocks rather than sand. These areas are likely to harbor significant amounts of coral and are popular destinations for snorkelers and scuba divers.
The discovery of these hidden coral reefs raises questions about why we are only finding out about them now. The answer lies in the availability of high-resolution satellite data that covers the entire world and allows researchers to observe reefs as deep as 30 meters. Coupled with direct observations and records from over 400 individuals and organizations in countries with coral reefs, such as the Maldives, Cuba, and Australia, this comprehensive dataset facilitated the creation of accurate maps through the Allen Coral Atlas.
To produce these maps, machine learning techniques were employed to analyze 100 trillion pixels from satellite images. The team collaborated with nearly 500 researchers and partners to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the maps. The result is the world’s first comprehensive map of coral reef extent and composition.
The significance of these maps is already being recognized by reef management agencies worldwide. They are utilizing the information to plan and assess conservation efforts as well as identify potential threats to reefs. The maps provide three levels of detail: the entire coral reef ecosystem, geomorphic detail, and fine detail of the benthic substrates.
The first level offers an expansive view of the coral reef ecosystem, with light areas representing coral and darker areas indicating deeper water. Geomorphic detail provides insights into the various features within the reef, such as sandy lagoons, exposed reef crests, and sloping areas leading to deeper waters. Finally, the fine detail of the benthic substrates reveals where coral is most likely to be found and the types of seafloor available to support coral growth.
While the discovery of these hidden coral reefs is exciting, it comes at a critical time for the world’s coral reefs. Climate change is causing rising sea temperatures and increased acidity, which pose significant threats to coral polyps. These delicate organisms are unable to withstand excessive heat, putting the quarter of the ocean’s species that call coral reefs home at risk.
Despite these challenges, the newly discovered coral reefs have already sparked real-world change. Conservation efforts have been initiated in Indonesia, several Pacific island nations, Panama, Belize, Kenya, and Australia as a direct result of these maps. The hope is that by raising awareness about the extent and importance of coral reefs, we can inspire further action to protect these invaluable ecosystems.
In conclusion, the discovery of previously unknown coral reefs highlights both the vastness and fragility of these underwater ecosystems. With the aid of advanced technology and collaborative research efforts, we now have a comprehensive understanding of coral reef extent and composition. However, urgent action is needed to combat the threats posed by climate change and ensure the long-term survival of these remarkable natural wonders.