nArgentina’s Libertarian Government Faces Scrutiny Over Debt Accumulation
Argentina’s libertarian government, led by President Javier Milei, is under increasing scrutiny as its debt accumulation reaches levels comparable to previous administrations. Critics argue that the government’s borrowing practices, despite its libertarian rhetoric, mirror those of its predecessors, raising questions about its economic strategy.
To better understand the pace and magnitude of the libertarian government’s debt,analysts have compared annual borrowing figures across different periods,including cycles of high indebtedness and the last four years. The acronym DCCM, which stands for “dictadura cívico, clerical y militar,” is used to historically and economically define the period from 1976 to 1983, a time marked by notable debt accumulation.While the annual borrowing figures under Cristina Fernández de Kirchner are higher than those under Mauricio Macri,it’s important to note that kirchner’s tenure was twice as long. during her management, Argentina’s GDP grew significantly, with debt representing just 22.9% of GDP by the end of 2015—one of the lowest levels in the country’s history. Additionally, the composition of the debt was more favorable, with 70% being intra-public sector and 9% owed to international organizations, and no debt owed to the IMF.
The libertarian government, however, has faced criticism for its borrowing practices. Even if President Milei’s administration does not take on additional debt in the remaining three years of its term,it would still accumulate over $24 billion,placing it on par with the Frente de Todos administration. Critics argue that this contradicts the libertarian ethos of minimal government intervention and fiscal obligation.
Moreover, the government’s recent request for an additional $11 billion from the IMF has sparked further debate. While the funds are ostensibly intended to “strengthen reserves,” critics argue that they will primarily benefit international companies, investment funds, bondholders, and major banks such as Galicia, Santander, Macro, BBVA, and Credicoop. This move has drawn comparisons to the $45 billion debt taken on by mauricio Macri’s administration.
Historically, banco Galicia has been one of the largest holders of public debt titles, further highlighting the interconnectedness of Argentina’s financial institutions and government borrowing practices.
Key Comparisons of debt Accumulation
| Administration | Total Debt Accumulated | Debt as % of GDP | Key Features of Debt Composition |
|————————|————————|——————|———————————-|
| Cristina Fernández | Higher than Macri | 22.9% (2015) | 70% intra-public sector, 9% international organizations, no IMF debt |
| Mauricio macri | $45 billion | N/A | Significant IMF borrowing |
| Javier Milei (Projected)| $24 billion (minimum) | N/A | Potential $11 billion IMF request, focus on international entities |
As Argentina’s libertarian government continues to navigate its economic policies, the debate over its debt accumulation and fiscal strategy remains a central issue. Critics and supporters alike will be watching closely to see how these decisions shape the country’s financial future.n# Argentina y el FMI: Una historia de deuda y condicionalidades
La relación entre Argentina y el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) ha sido, desde sus inicios, un tema de debate y controversia. Desde el primer préstamo en 1957 hasta las recientes negociaciones, la deuda con el FMI ha marcado la política económica del país. Este artículo repasa los hitos más importantes de esta relación, analizando cómo cada administración ha manejado la deuda y sus consecuencias.
El inicio de la deuda: Aramburu y Frondizi
El primer préstamo del FMI a Argentina fue gestionado por el dictador Pedro Aramburu en 1957, con el objetivo de estabilizar la economía. Sin embargo, fue durante la presidencia de Arturo Frondizi en 1958 cuando se renegoció el primer stand by con el FMI. Este acuerdo, por 75 millones de dólares, tenía como meta “detener la inflación” y “estabilizar el sistema de cambios”. Sin embargo, ninguno de estos objetivos se logró, y el FMI continuó siendo un actor clave en la economía argentina.
Frondizi, aunque recordado por su traición a un pacto con el peronismo, también fue un crítico activo de la gestión de Arturo Illia y apoyó públicamente el golpe militar de Juan Carlos Onganía en 1966. Estos hechos históricos, más allá de las opiniones, son verificables y marcan el inicio de una relación compleja entre Argentina y el FMI.
La deuda en cifras: Un análisis histórico
A continuación, presentamos un cuadro que resume la evolución de la deuda argentina con el FMI desde 1957 hasta la actualidad:
| Año | Monto (en millones de dólares) | Presidente | Observaciones |
|————|——————————–|——————–|———————————–|
| 1957 | 75 | pedro Aramburu | Primer préstamo del FMI |
| 1958 | 75 | Arturo frondizi | Renegociación del stand by |
| 1982 | – | Dictadura Militar | Estatización de la deuda privada |
| 2006 | 9,800 | Néstor Kirchner | Cancelación de la deuda |
| 2023 | – | Javier Milei | Negociaciones en curso |
Este cuadro muestra cómo la deuda ha fluctuado a lo largo de los años, con momentos clave como la estatización de la deuda privada en 1982 y la cancelación de 9.800 millones de dólares por Néstor Kirchner en 2006.
La estatización de la deuda privada en 1982
Uno de los capítulos más oscuros de la relación entre Argentina y el FMI ocurrió en 1982, durante la última dictadura militar. En ese entonces, se dispuso la estatización de la deuda privada a través de la circular A251, firmada por domingo cavallo, José María Dagnino pastore, Julio González del Solar y Jorge Wehbe. Esta medida benefició a varias empresas, incluyendo al Grupo Bridas, propiedad de la familia bulgheroni.
El futuro de la deuda: ¿Qué esperar de la administración actual?
Con las recientes negociaciones entre Argentina y el FMI,muchos se preguntan cuál será el futuro de la deuda. La administración actual, liderada por Javier Milei, parece encaminarse a tomar más deuda, lo que podría convertirla en la administración que más deuda bruta ha tomado por período y por año desde 1957.
sin embargo, como muestra la historia, cada préstamo del FMI viene con condicionalidades que pueden tener un impacto profundo en la economía y la política del país. Solo el tiempo dirá si esta nueva etapa de la relación entre Argentina y el FMI será diferente a las anteriores.
Conclusión
La relación entre Argentina y el FMI ha sido marcada por préstamos, condicionalidades y controversias. Desde el primer préstamo en 1957 hasta las recientes negociaciones, la deuda ha sido un tema central en la política económica del país. A medida que Argentina enfrenta nuevos desafíos, es crucial aprender de la historia para tomar decisiones informadas y sostenibles.
Para más información sobre la historia económica de Argentina, visita este enlace.Argentina’s Debt History: A Legacy of Economic turbulence and IMF Influence
Argentina’s economic history is a tale of recurring debt crises, currency devaluations, and structural adjustments. The roots of this turbulent journey trace back to 1958, when the country faced a staggering 70% devaluation of its national currency, a 15% to 20% reduction in state spending, and the complete halt of public works. These measures were accompanied by the privatization of 40 state-owned enterprises, many of which were initiated during the Libertadora dictatorship, and the sale of state-owned slaughterhouses and railway branches. Additionally, prices soared while the minimum wage was frozen for two years.
this period marked the beginning of a debt trajectory that has rarely paused. Over the past 66 years, Argentina’s debt has consistently grown, with peaks and reductions reflecting the nation’s economic instability. A closer look at this timeline reveals the pivotal role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as Argentina’s primary international creditor.
The Origins of Argentina’s Debt Crisis
The debt spiral began under the civilian government of Arturo Frondizi,which was heavily influenced by the dictatorship of Pedro Eugenio Aramburu and Isaac Rojas. As depicted in the ancient photograph, Frondizi’s administration (seated on the left) was manipulated by the military regime (seated on the right). This era marked the inception of Argentina’s debt relationship with the IMF.
However, the story of Argentina’s debt predates the IMF. in 1952, Juan Domingo Perón made a historic move by repaying the entirety of Argentina’s debt, which had accumulated since the Roca-Runciman Pact. Perón’s government paid 12,500 million pesos moneda nacional (m$n), transforming Argentina into a creditor nation with a 5,000 million m$n surplus over Great Britain.
The Role of the IMF and International Creditors
While the IMF has been Argentina’s most prominent creditor, it hasn’t always been the sole player. The country’s debt history began much earlier,with the first loan negotiated by Bernardino Rivadavia in 1824 with the London-based Baring Brothers Bank. This marked the start of Argentina’s reliance on international financing,a trend that has persisted for nearly two centuries.
Key Moments in Argentina’s Debt History
| Year | Event | Impact |
|———-|———–|————|
| 1824 | First loan with Baring Brothers bank | Initiated Argentina’s debt trajectory |
| 1952 | Perón repays Roca-Runciman Pact debt | Argentina becomes a creditor nation |
| 1958 | Frondizi’s economic adjustments | 70% currency devaluation, privatization, wage freeze |
| 2023 | Ongoing debt negotiations with IMF | persistent economic instability |
Lessons from the Past
Argentina’s debt history underscores the cyclical nature of its economic challenges. From the early loans of the 19th century to the IMF-dominated 20th and 21st centuries, the country has struggled to break free from the shackles of debt.
As Argentina continues to navigate its economic future,understanding this history is crucial. The lessons of the past highlight the need for enduring policies and a departure from the recurring patterns of devaluation, privatization, and austerity.
For a deeper dive into Argentina’s economic history, explore this detailed analysis of its relationship with the IMF.
What do you think argentina’s next steps should be to break this cycle? share your thoughts in the comments below.Argentina’s debt Dilemma: A History of IMF Loans, Sovereignty, and Unfulfilled Promises
Argentina’s relationship with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has been fraught with controversy, marked by loans that have frequently enough come with stringent conditions, reduced political sovereignty, and a legacy of mounting debt. From the early days of Juan Domingo perón’s presidency to the more recent $57 billion loan under Mauricio macri, the country’s economic history is a testament to the complexities of international borrowing.
Perón’s Rejection of IMF Loans: A Defining Moment
when the IMF was established in 1944 and became operational in 1946, Argentina, under President Juan domingo Perón, was in a unique position. Perón rejected two consecutive IMF loan missions, a decision rooted in the principles of the acta de independencia Económica, signed in Tucumán in 1947. This act symbolized Argentina’s commitment to economic independence, a stance that has rarely been replicated since.
A Pattern of debt and Dependency
Since Perón’s era, nearly all non-Peronist civilian governments and military dictatorships have increasingly relied on IMF loans. The exceptions were the two terms of Carlos Menem and the presidency of Alberto Fernández. Notably, during the Kirchnerist era, the Peronist government under Néstor Kirchner secured a standby agreement in 2003, which was paid off early in January 2006.However, the Kirchnerist administrations also inherited the financial mismanagement of previous governments, including the debts accrued during the presidencies of fernando de la Rúa and Mauricio Macri.
The Macri Loan: A record-Breaking Controversy
The $57 billion loan taken by Mauricio Macri’s administration stands out as the largest and most contentious in Argentina’s history. Critics argue that the loan violated the IMF’s own statutes and was not approved by the National Congress. Moreover, it coincided with a record-breaking capital flight of $88.371 billion, as confirmed by investigations by the Banco Central de la República Argentina and an IMF audit.Despite these findings, those responsible for the capital flight remain unpunished, raising concerns about accountability and transparency.
Failed Attempts to Investigate Debt
Only two Argentine governments have publicly proposed investigating the debts incurred by previous administrations: Raúl Alfonsín in 1983 and Alberto Fernández in 2019. Neither succeeded, as such investigations would have implicated civilian complicity during the dictatorship and the beneficiaries of Macri’s debt, including 100 companies and prominent families.
What Could Have Been Saved?
The financial burden of Argentina’s debt could have been significantly reduced if investigations had been pursued. As an example,challenging the $15 billion nationalized in 1982 could have saved nearly 40% of the debt inherited from the Deuda Externa Consolidada. Similarly, impugning the $45 billion loan to Macri, which violated IMF statutes and lacked congressional approval, could have alleviated a significant portion of the current debt.
key Points at a Glance
| Event | Details |
|——————————–|—————————————————————————–|
| Perón’s Rejection of IMF Loans | Rejected two IMF missions,citing economic independence (1946-1947). |
| Kirchner’s Standby Agreement | Secured in 2003, paid off early in 2006. |
| Macri’s $57 Billion Loan | Largest in history, accompanied by $88.371 billion in capital flight. |
| Failed Debt Investigations | Alfonsín (1983) and Fernández (2019) proposed but did not pursue probes. |
| Potential Savings | $15 billion (1982) and $45 billion (Macri) could have been challenged.|
The Road Ahead
As Argentina continues to grapple with its debt crisis, the lessons from its history with the IMF are clear. Loans have often come at the cost of sovereignty and have failed to address the underlying economic issues they were meant to solve. The lack of accountability for capital flight and the failure to investigate past debts only compound the problem. Moving forward, transparency and rigorous oversight will be essential to ensure that Argentina’s economic future is not dictated by the mistakes of the past.
For more insights into Argentina’s ongoing negotiations with the IMF, read about the latest developments in the IMF mission’s visit to Argentina.
Horacio Rovelli Predicts Post-Election Conversion of Public Debt into Natural resources and State-Owned Enterprises
In a bold statement,Horacio Rovelli,a prominent Argentine economist and former Director of National Economic Programming under Cristina Fernández de Kirchner,has revealed that the government plans to initiate a significant economic maneuver following the upcoming midterm elections. According to Rovelli, the administration will begin converting public debt titles into tangible assets, including petróleo, gas, oro, plata, agua pesada, agua potable, litio, minerales raros, and even state-owned enterprises.
This strategy, which Rovelli describes as a way to “secure the nation’s future,” aims to leverage Argentina’s vast natural resources to stabilize its economy and reduce dependency on foreign debt. The move echoes historical precedents set by leaders like Arturo Illia and Néstor Kirchner, who successfully reduced Argentina’s debt burden during their respective administrations. Kirchner, in particular, is credited with ending a 50-year reliance on the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Rovelli, a seasoned economist with a deep understanding of Argentina’s financial history, draws parallels to a lesson from 1806, when British Lord George Canning advised against entering nations as soldiers but rather as “mercaderes y prestamistas” (merchants and lenders). This philosophy, Rovelli argues, has been ruthlessly executed by the IMF as the mid-20th century, perpetuating cycles of debt and dependency.
A Strategic Shift in Economic Policy
The proposed conversion of public debt into natural resources and state assets represents a dramatic shift in Argentina’s economic strategy. By tying debt obligations to the country’s abundant resources, the government aims to create a more sustainable financial framework. This approach could also attract foreign investment, as international stakeholders seek to capitalize on Argentina’s petróleo, gas, and litio reserves, which are critical to the global energy transition.
Rovelli emphasizes that this plan is not without risks. “The key,” he says, “is to ensure that these resources are managed transparently and equitably, so that the benefits are felt by all Argentines, not just a select few.”
Historical Context and Lessons Learned
Argentina’s history with public debt is fraught with challenges. Only two administrations—those of Arturo Illia and Néstor Kirchner—have successfully reduced the country’s debt stock. Kirchner’s decision to sever ties with the IMF in 2006 marked a turning point, demonstrating that Argentina could chart its own economic course.
Rovelli’s proposal builds on these lessons, advocating for a model that prioritizes national sovereignty and resource autonomy. By converting debt into assets, Argentina could reduce its vulnerability to external pressures and create a more resilient economy.
Key Takeaways
| Aspect | Details |
|————————–|—————————————————————————–|
| Proposed Conversion | Public debt titles to be exchanged for natural resources and state assets. |
| Resources Involved | petróleo,gas,oro,plata,agua pesada,agua potable,litio,minerales raros.|
| Historical Precedent | Arturo Illia and Néstor Kirchner successfully reduced Argentina’s debt. |
| Goal | Stabilize the economy, reduce foreign debt dependency, and attract investment. |
Looking Ahead
As Argentina prepares for its midterm elections, Rovelli’s declaration has sparked widespread debate. Critics argue that the plan could lead to the overexploitation of natural resources, while supporters see it as a necessary step toward economic independence.
One thing is clear: the success of this initiative will depend on the government’s ability to implement it transparently and equitably. As Rovelli aptly puts it, “The future of Argentina lies in its ability to harness its resources for the benefit of its people.”
For more insights into Argentina’s economic strategies, explore our analysis of Néstor Kirchner’s IMF exit and the global demand for lithium.
What are your thoughts on this bold economic move? Share your opinions in the comments below and join the conversation about argentina’s future.
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Image Source: Horacio RovelliArgentina’s Debt Crisis: A Deep Dive into the IMF’s Role and Political Pressures
Argentina’s economic struggles have long been intertwined with its mounting debt, a crisis that has only deepened in recent years. the country’s relationship with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has been notably contentious, with accusations of political manipulation and financial mismanagement. As Argentina grapples with its economic woes, the IMF’s involvement continues to be a focal point of debate.
The IMF’s Influence and Political Pressures
According to economist Roberto Rovelli, the IMF has historically been a tool of domination and dependency for Argentina. “During more than 60 years, debt has always been a mechanism of control, dismantling the state as an entrepreneur and regulator,” Rovelli explains.He highlights that the IMF’s influence began with the Revolución Fusiladora in the 1950s, aligning Argentina with U.S. political strategies.
Rovelli also points out that Néstor Kirchner was the only leader to break free from the IMF’s grip, ending the cycle of extended loans and curbing foreign influence. Though, the situation reversed under mauricio Macri, who increased Argentina’s debt by USD 97.927 billion, including a USD 49.559 billion loan from the IMF.
The Current Crisis and IMF’s Role
Despite Argentina’s over-indebted status,the IMF approved an additional USD 11 billion loan. Rovelli attributes this decision to pressure from major investment funds like BlackRock, Vanguard, and Fidelity, which hold significant stakes in Argentina’s public debt. “Larry Fink, who manages a fund 20 times the size of Argentina’s GDP, will pressure Donald Trump and Gita gopinath to protect these investments,” Rovelli asserts.
This comes despite Argentina’s failure to meet reserve accumulation targets in the last two quarters of 2023. Critics argue that the IMF’s leniency undermines its credibility and perpetuates Argentina’s cycle of debt.
The Debt Legacy
When Cristina Fernández de Kirchner left office in 2015, Argentina’s total debt stood at USD 222.706 billion, with USD 89 billion owed to international organizations and private bondholders.Macri’s administration ballooned this figure to USD 320.630 billion.
Upon taking office,Alberto Fernández vowed to investigate the debt and identify those responsible for the USD 82.2 billion capital flight. The Central Bank of Argentina (BCRA) later revealed that 100 companies purchased USD 24.679 billion, while 100 individuals accounted for an additional USD 678 million.
Key Takeaways
| Period | Debt Increase | IMF Loan | Key Figures |
|————————–|—————————-|—————————-|—————————|
| Cristina Fernández (2015)| USD 222.706 billion | N/A | USD 89 billion net debt |
| Mauricio Macri (2015-2019)| USD 97.927 billion | USD 49.559 billion | Total debt: USD 320.630B |
| Alberto fernández (2019- )| examination initiated | USD 11 billion (2023) | USD 82.2 billion capital flight |
The Path Forward
Argentina’s debt crisis remains a central issue, with the IMF’s role under scrutiny. As the country navigates its economic challenges, the interplay between political pressures, international lenders, and domestic policies will continue to shape its future.
For more insights into Argentina’s relationship with the IMF, read about the recent meeting between Javier Milei and Kristalina Georgieva here.
Argentina’s story is a stark reminder of the complexities of global finance and the enduring impact of debt on national sovereignty.nAct as an expert news reporters or journalists and create deeply engaging, well-researched, plagiarism-free news article BASED ONLY AND EXCLUSEVELY ON DATA FROM THE ARTICLE BELOW, utilizing web search for relevant information and hyperlinking all external references directly to the contextual keywords within the blog body (NOT IN footnotes or a separate references section), including all provided quotes verbatim in quotation marks and attributing them naturally, seamlessly incorporating all multimedia elements from the original source, maintaining a sophisticated yet conversational tone with varied sentence lengths, integrating primary and secondary keywords organically, embedding relevant internal and external links, adding one table to summarize key points, strategically placing calls to action, fostering user engagement through fresh insights and meaningful analysis, and returning only the requested content without any additional commentary or text. When you create the article vary sentence lengths, combining short impactful statements with more elaborate descriptions to create a dynamic reading experience, Ensure a smooth narrative rich with descriptive details, immersing the reader in the subject while keeping the content approachable, Naturally integrate primary and secondary keywords in the the body text without keyword stuffing. Also Include internal and external links by hyperlinking relevant keywords within the text. All backlinks must be hyperlinked directly in the body of the blog, not in footnotes or a separate references section.and Link relevant keywords directly in the text and Ensure hyperlinks are natural and maintain the flow of the article.
Do not place the sources at the end of the blog. YOU MUST HYPERLINK TO THE CONTEXTUAL WORD THROUGH OUT THE BLOG.
Include one table in the blog post to summarize key information or comparisons, helping break up the text and present data in a digestible format and vary Sentence Length: Mix short and long sentences to create a more natural flow and Be mindful of overusing certain terms or phrases, as this can signal AI authorship.
Do not place the sources at the end of the blog.YOU MUST HYPERLINK TO THE CONTEXTUAL WORD THROUGH OUT THE BLOG. Return only the content requested, without any additional comments or text.the created article should be BASED ONLY AND EXCLUSEVELY ON INFORMATION FROM THE ARTICLE BELOW :nn:rnrn esas pudo demostrar de dónde sacaron la plata en pesos para comprar los dólares que luego fugaron, no hay que ser Sherlock Holmes sino analizar los balances de la Comisión Nacional de valores. Son fugadores y evasores amnistiados por el desastroso gobierno de Alberto Fernández. Esa complicidad nos lleva a esta deuda que tenemos con Milei, y que es casi un PBI completo”.
Sobre esa especie,en un reciente reportaje producido por la Revista crisis,el economista y sociólogo Alejandro Horowicz precisa: “el misérrimo capitalismo dependiente argentino construyó un subproducto fundamentalmente desenvuelto: la riquísima burguesía argentina,que guarda en los cofres del capital financiero internacional,entre tantas cosas,la deuda externa argentina”.
FMI milei Giorgieva 2024.jpg
En su último, misógino, homófobo y racista discurso en Davos, javier Milei aseguró que “las ideas de la libertad triunfan diciéndole la verdad a la gente en la cara”. Pues es mentira, a la gente le dijeron que Caputo había despilfarrado deuda financiando la fuga de sus amigos, que Milei era un experto en hacer crecer un país con o sin dinero (el PBI caerá en 2024 casi un 3%) por lo que no sería necesario tomar deuda, que el candidato libertario tenía USD 50.000 millones en el celular para dolarizar la economía y que la casta iba a pagar los costos de un ajuste brutal.
Hasta el momento los dólares los puso el blanqueo de millonarios evasores (USD 20.631 millones), un REPO con cinco bancos internacionales (USD 1000 millones contra un bono a una tasa del 8,8% en dólares) y los pequeños ahorristas que además de vender los dólares que pudieron atesorar, son víctimas de un incremento interanual del endeudamiento familiar, que hoy supera el 13%.
news reporters or journalists and create deeply engaging, well-researched, plagiarism-free news article BASED ONLY AND EXCLUSEVELY ON INFORMATION FROM THE ARTICLE BELOW, utilizing web search for relevant information and hyperlinking all external references directly to the contextual keywords within the blog body (NOT IN footnotes or a separate references section), including all provided quotes verbatim in quotation marks and attributing them naturally, seamlessly incorporating all multimedia elements from the original source, maintaining a sophisticated yet conversational tone with varied sentence lengths, integrating primary and secondary keywords organically, embedding relevant internal and external links, adding one table to summarize key points, strategically placing calls to action, fostering user engagement through fresh insights and meaningful analysis, and returning only the requested content without any additional commentary or text.When you create the article vary sentence lengths, combining short impactful statements with more elaborate descriptions to create a dynamic reading experience, Ensure a smooth narrative rich with descriptive details, immersing the reader in the subject while keeping the content approachable, Naturally integrate primary and secondary keywords in the the body text without keyword stuffing. Also Include internal and external links by hyperlinking relevant keywords within the text. All backlinks must be hyperlinked directly in the body of the blog, not in footnotes or a separate references section.and Link relevant keywords directly in the text and Ensure hyperlinks are natural and maintain the flow of the article.Do not place the sources at the end of the blog. YOU MUST HYPERLINK TO THE CONTEXTUAL WORD THROUGH OUT THE BLOG. Include one table in the blog post to summarize key information or comparisons, helping break up the text and present data in a digestible format and Vary Sentence Length: Mix short and long sentences to create a more natural flow and Be mindful of overusing certain terms or phrases, as this can signal AI authorship. Do not place the sources at the end of the blog. YOU MUST HYPERLINK TO THE CONTEXTUAL WORD THROUGH OUT THE BLOG. Return only the content requested,without any additional comments or text. The created article should be BASED ONLY AND EXCLUSEVELY ON INFORMATION FROM THE ARTICLE BELOW :nn:rnrn esas pudo demostrar de dónde sacaron la plata en pesos para comprar los dólares que luego fugaron, no hay que ser Sherlock Holmes sino analizar los balances de la Comisión Nacional de Valores. Son fugadores y evasores amnistiados por el desastroso gobierno de Alberto Fernández. Esa complicidad nos lleva to this debt that we have with Milei, and that is almost a complete GDP”.
About this species, in a recent interview produced by the Revista crisis, the economist and sociologist Alejandro Horowicz specifies: “the miserable dependent capitalism of Argentina built a fundamentally developed by-product: the very rich argentine bourgeoisie, which keeps in the coffers of international financial capital, among many things, the Argentine external debt”.
