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L.A. Times Readers Weigh In: Should the Getty Museum Relocate?

Getty’s ‌Crossroads:⁢ Balancing Art, Accessibility, and the Future of​ Cultural Treasures

Los Angeles, CA – ‌The J. Paul Getty Trust, one of the ⁣world’s wealthiest arts organizations, is facing a critical juncture: how to best safeguard ‍its ⁣priceless collections while expanding access to a broader ⁤audience. Recent discussions about potentially relocating some of⁣ the Getty’s holdings to downtown ⁤Los Angeles have sparked passionate debate among art enthusiasts, raising questions about preservation, accessibility, and⁤ the ⁢very essence of the Getty experience.

The debate ⁤centers around the Getty Center in Brentwood and the Getty Villa in Pacific Palisades,both iconic locations with unique strengths and challenges.The Getty Center, perched high in the Santa ⁤Monica Mountains, ‌offers panoramic views and a vast campus, but its location can⁣ be ‍a barrier for some visitors. The Getty⁢ Villa, a meticulously recreated⁤ Roman⁢ country house, provides an immersive experience for ancient art, but its more intimate setting limits the scope of its collection.

The core question is whether the Getty should consolidate its​ resources, potentially ​moving some collections to a more central, accessible location like ⁢downtown Los Angeles. Proponents argue that such a move would‍ expose the Getty’s treasures to a ​wider and more diverse audience, ⁣fulfilling its mission to promote the appreciation of art.

Patrick Edwards, a Los Angeles resident, believes‌ a downtown location is ideal: “The move to downtown Los Angeles would expose thousands more peopel to ⁢the incredible art of this priceless collection.The location ⁤is ideal, surrounded by good infrastructure that would enhance the beauty, history and architecture of,‌ in my view, one of the most stunning⁤ downtowns in the nation.”

However, the idea​ of relocating or ‌altering the existing Getty institutions has met with⁢ resistance from those who⁢ cherish the⁣ unique character of the ​current locations. Concerns about the safety of the art, the impact⁤ on ⁣the visitor ⁤experience, and the potential loss of the Getty’s distinctive identity are at the forefront ‌of the discussion.

Nancy‌ Gill,a frequent visitor to the‌ Getty,expressed reservations about a downtown location,citing concerns about accessibility and safety: “I love the Getty Center and especially the Getty Villa,but it would ‍be disastrous and heartbreaking to lose any collections at both of these facilities. ⁢However, honestly, I don’t know‍ that I would visit a new Getty facility in downtown L.A., since downtown has‍ its ‍own​ set of ‌challenges, homelessness, lack ⁣of parking. ‍Perhaps if⁢ there was⁣ direct or close by Metro⁢ rail, ​I’d consider.”

Suzanne Barber echoed this⁣ sentiment, emphasizing the unique atmosphere⁣ of the Getty⁤ Villa: “No! No!‍ No!‍ I have ⁤adored the Getty Villa as no other museum in my 88 years… The Getty was ⁣special as it was the Villa. Imagining the people living and working there gave it a dimension others don’t have.” She even suggested prioritizing the experience over authenticity: “I would even ‌prefer to have artwork fakes, if necessary. Most people wouldn’t know the ⁣difference. But the experience would be ⁢maintained.”

the Looming Threat of Natural ​Disasters

Beyond accessibility, the threat of natural disasters looms large in the debate. California’s vulnerability‌ to earthquakes and wildfires raises concerns ​about the long-term safety of the Getty’s collections. The⁢ Getty Villa, in particular, has faced the threat of⁤ wildfires, as​ evidenced by the ash-filled‌ pool during the palisades fire in January ​2025.

Denah S. Bookstein highlighted ‌these concerns: “I worry about an earthquake and a fire. People will go anywhere the art is. As you eloquently said, protecting the art is paramount.”

The Getty‌ has ⁣invested​ heavily in state-of-the-art security ​and climate control systems to ‌protect its ⁣collections, ⁢but the risk of a catastrophic event remains a constant concern. This has led to discussions ​about diversifying⁤ the⁤ Getty’s locations and potentially moving some of ⁤its most vulnerable pieces to safer environments.

Exploring Choice Solutions

While​ the‌ debate⁤ over‌ relocation⁣ continues, ​other‌ potential solutions are being explored. These include:

Expanding Accessibility​ at Existing Locations: ​ Improving public transportation options to the Getty Center and ⁣the ⁤Getty ​Villa, such as enhanced bus service or‌ a dedicated shuttle from a nearby Metro station.
Utilizing Technology: Creating ⁤virtual reality experiences that allow visitors to explore the ⁣Getty’s collections from anywhere‍ in the world.
Community Outreach Programs: ​Partnering with local schools⁤ and ⁤community organizations to ‌bring the Getty’s art and​ educational resources to⁢ underserved populations.
adaptive Reuse: Exploring how the Getty’s ​existing facilities could be used for other worthy functions, such⁢ as community centers or educational programs, without compromising their primary mission.

The Getty’s Legacy: A Balancing Act

ultimately, the ​Getty’s decision will shape ⁣its legacy ⁢for generations ‍to come. The⁣ challenge lies in balancing the need to protect its priceless collections with the desire to‍ make them accessible ⁢to a wider audience. As⁣ the world’s ‌richest arts‌ organization, the‍ Getty has a duty to be ⁤a leader ‌in the field,‍ exploring innovative solutions that ensure the ⁤preservation and appreciation of art for all.

The Getty’s leadership is currently evaluating all options, carefully considering⁤ the perspectives of art experts,​ community members, and stakeholders. A final decision is expected in the coming months,and it will undoubtedly⁢ have a ​profound‍ impact on the ‌future of the⁤ Getty and the cultural landscape of Los Angeles.

Key Considerations for⁣ the getty’s Future:

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‌ ​ ​ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ‌‍ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ‍ ​ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ​ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ‌ ‍‌ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ​ ​ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ‌⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ‌⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ‌‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ‌⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ‍‌ ​ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁤​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ​ ‌ ​ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁣ ​ ​⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ​ ‍ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁢ ‍‌ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ⁣‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‌ ​ ​ ​ ‍ ​ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ‌⁤ ‌ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ​ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ‍ ​ ​ ⁢ ‍ ​ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ​ ‍ ‌ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ‌​ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁢‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ⁣‍ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ​ ‌⁤ ​ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣⁢ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‍ ​ ‍​ ⁤‌ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ‌​ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁢​ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁣ ‍ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ​ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ‌‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ​ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ‌⁤ ​ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‌‍ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁣⁢ ​ ‍ ​ ‍ ‌ ‍ ​‌ ​ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‍‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣⁣ ‍ ​ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁤​ ⁢ ​ ​ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ⁣⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ‍ ⁣ ​ ‍ ‌ ​ ‌ ‌‌ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁣‌ ‍ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ‍ ‌ ​ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ‌​ ‍ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‍ ‍ ‌ ​ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁤​ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁣‍ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ​ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁤‍ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ​⁤ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ​ ‍ ‍ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ​ ‌⁣ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ‍ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ​ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ‍⁣ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ‌⁣ ​ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣‍ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ​⁢ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁢⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‍ ‍ ‍ ​ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ⁣‍ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁢​ ⁤​ ​ ‍ ⁤⁣ ‍ ‍ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ​ ‍ ‌ ‌ ​ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁣⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁤‌ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁤ ⁢⁢ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ​ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ​ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ​​ ‍ ‌ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁤​ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁤​ ​ ‍ ⁣‍ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ​ ‍ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ‌​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ‌ ​ ‍ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ‍⁤ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ​ ⁤ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ‌ ‍ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ⁢⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ​ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‍⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢‍ ​ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ‍ ​ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁤⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ​ ‌ ​ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣⁢ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣‌ ‍ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ​ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ​ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‍⁤ ⁤ ​ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ​ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ‌ ​ ⁤ ​‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ​ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁤ ​ ​ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ​ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁢‍ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁣‌ ‍ ​ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ‍ ​ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ​ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ​ ​ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁤⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁤‍ ‌ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤⁤ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ​ ​ ​ ​ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ‍⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁤ ‍​ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁤⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ‌ ​ ⁢⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ‍ ​ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ​ ‌ ​ ⁢ ​ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ​ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ​ ‌ ​ ⁤ ​ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ​ ​ ‍ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ​⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ‍ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ​ ‍ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ​‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ‌⁢ ⁤ ‍⁣ ​ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣​ ​ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ‍⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ​ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‍​ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁤⁢ ‌‌ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ‌ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ​ ‍ ‍ ​ ‍​ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ‍ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ​ ​ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ​ ‍ ‍ ​ ‍ ​ ​ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ‍ ​ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ​⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‌⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ‌‌ ​ ​ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁤ ​ ​ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ​ ‍ ​ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ​ ​⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣​ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ‍⁢ ​ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ​ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ​ ⁣ ‍ ​ ‍ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ​​ ‍ ‍ ​ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ​‌ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ​ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ​ ⁢ ‌ ‌​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ​ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁤​ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣⁣ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁣⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‌​ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣⁤ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ‌ ‍ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁢ ​ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‌ ​ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ​ ‍ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁢ ​ ​ ​ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁤‍ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ​ ​ ‍ ⁢ ​⁤ ⁢ ​ ​ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ‌⁣ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤⁤ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ‍ ‌ ​⁣ ‍ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁤ ⁤‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ‍⁣ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ‌⁣ ⁣ ​ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁢ ​ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ‍ ​ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ​ ‍ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢​ ‍ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ​ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁣⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁤⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ​ ​ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ​ ​ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁤⁤ ⁣‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ‍​ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁤⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ⁢⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁤ ​ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ​ ‍ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁤⁣ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ‍​ ‍ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁢⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ​ ​​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁢⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ​⁣ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ‍​ ​ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ​ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‍ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ‍ ‍ ​ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ​‍ ⁤ ‍ ​ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ‌​ ​‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ‌ ​ ⁤ ‍ ​ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ​ ‌ ‍⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ​ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁣ ​⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‍ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ​ ‌⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁤⁤ ‍ ​ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ​⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ​ ⁤ ​ ​ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ​ ​ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ​⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ​⁣ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ​ ​‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁢‌ ‍ ⁤ ​ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ​ ​ ⁢‍ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢‌ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ‌⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ​ ​ ​⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁤‍ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁤⁤ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ‍ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ​ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤‍ ⁣ ​ ‍ ‌ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ​ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ​ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ‌ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ​ ​ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ​ ‍⁢ ​ ​ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ​ ‌ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ​ ​ ​ ‍ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ‌⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ‌⁣ ​ ‌ ‍ ​ ​ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁣‍ ⁣ ​⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ​ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‍⁢ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁤‌ ⁢ ‌ ​ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ​​ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁢ ‍⁣ ‌ ​ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‌ ‌ ​ ​ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁣ ⁢‍ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁣‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ​⁢ ‍ ‌​ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁣⁤ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁣⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢‌ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ​ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ‌‍ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ‍⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‍⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ​ ​ ⁢ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ​‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁣​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ⁣‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ​ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ​ ‍ ​ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤⁤ ⁢ ​ ‌​ ​ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ​ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ​ ​ ​ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ​ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ‌‍ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁢⁣ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ​ ‌ ​ ​ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁣​ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ‍‍ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ‍ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ‍ ​ ​ ​ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ‍ ⁣‍ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁢⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁣​ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ‍‌ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ​ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁢‌ ⁤⁤ ‍ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ​ ‌ ​ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤⁤ ‍ ⁤​ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ​ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ​ ‍ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ​ ​ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ​ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ​ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ​​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‍⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ‌ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ​ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ⁢⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ‍‍ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁢ ‌ ​ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ⁤‌ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ​⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ‌‍ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁢⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁤‍ ‌ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‍ ​ ​ ⁢ ​ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤⁣ ​ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ​‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ‍ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ⁢⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁤ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ​ ‍⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ​⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ‌​ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ​ ​ ​ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ​ ​ ⁢ ​ ‌ ‌ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ‍​ ‍ ⁣ ​ ​⁣ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ​ ​ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁣⁢ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁣⁢ ⁢ ⁤‌ ‌ ​ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ​ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‌ ‌ ​ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢⁢ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁢​ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ‍‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‌⁤ ⁣ ⁢⁤ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ​ ​⁤ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ​ ​ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ‌⁣ ‌ ​ ‍ ‌ ​⁢ ‌ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ​ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ​ ‌ ⁣ ‍‌ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ​ ​ ⁤⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ‍‌ ⁢ ⁢⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ​ ‍ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁢‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁤⁢ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‌ ​ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ‍ ​ ​ ‍ ​ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ​ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ​ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ​ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ​ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢​ ⁤ ‍ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ​ ​ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ‍ ​ ​ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ‌ ⁣​ ⁣ ⁣⁢ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ​ ‌ ‌ ⁢​ ⁣‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ​ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ​ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ‍ ​ ⁤ ‌ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ​ ‍​ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‍‍ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ‌ ​ ‍⁢ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ​ ‍ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ​​ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ​ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‍ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ​ ⁤ ‌ ​ ​ ⁤ ‌ ​ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ‍ ​ ‍ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‍‍ ​ ​ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁣ ‍ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁢‌ ​ ‍⁤ ‌ ‍ ‌ ‌ ​ ​ ‌ ⁢ ​‍ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ​ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁢‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣‌ ‍​ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ‍ ​ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁣⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ⁣‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ​ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ​ ‍ ‌​ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁤‍ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ​​ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ​ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ​ ​ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ​ ‌ ​ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ‍ ​ ⁤ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ‍ ​ ​ ‍‌ ​ ⁢ ‌ ​ ​ ​ ⁤⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤​ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ‍ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ​ ‌ ‍ ​ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ‍‍ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ​ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ​ ‌ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁤⁢ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁤ ​‌ ⁤ ​ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ‍‌ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢‌ ‌ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ‌ ‌ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ​ ⁣ ​⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ​ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ​‌ ⁣ ‌ ​ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ‌ ‍​ ‍ ‍ ‌ ​ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁢⁢ ⁢ ​ ‍ ​ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁣⁤ ‍ ​ ‍ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ​ ​ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ​‍ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁢‌ ‌ ⁣ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‍ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ‌​ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁤ ⁢‌ ⁢ ​ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ​ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ‍ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‍ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁢​ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁢⁤ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‍ ‌​ ​ ⁣ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ⁢ ​ ⁣ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ​ ​ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ‌ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ​ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ‍ ​ ⁤ ​ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ​ ⁢ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ‍ ​ ⁢ ⁣ ‍ ‌ ​ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁣⁤ ​ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢⁤ ‌ ⁤ ⁤ ⁣ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ‍ ​ ‌ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ‌ ⁣ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ​​ ⁢ ‌ ‌ ⁤ ⁢ ‌‍ ⁢ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ‍ ​ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ‌ ‌ ⁤⁢ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ‍ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ⁤ ⁢ ⁢⁤ ⁢ ‍ ⁣ ⁢ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ​ ⁤ ⁢ ‍ ⁤ ⁢ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣ ‌ ‍ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ​ ‌ ‌ ⁣ ​ ⁤ ‌ ⁢ ⁤ ⁤ ⁢ ​ ⁢ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ‍ ​ ‌ ‍ ‍ ​ ⁢ ‌ ⁢ ⁣ ⁤ ‍ ⁤ ‌ ‍ ‌ ​ ‌ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁢ ‍ ​ ⁣ ⁢ ⁤ ⁢ ⁤ ⁣ ​ ⁣ ⁤ ⁣ ‍ ​ ​ ​ ‌ ⁤ ‍ ⁣ ​ ‌ ⁣ ⁢ ​ ‌ ⁣ 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Should the Getty Move? L.A.Debates Protecting Art ⁤Amidst Rising Disaster Concerns

Los Angeles,CA – The question of whether the ⁤Getty Museum should relocate ‍its priceless collections has ignited a passionate debate across Southern California. Concerns over wildfires, earthquakes, and⁣ other natural ⁤disasters have prompted serious discussions⁣ about the safety of the Getty’s current locations, the Getty Center and the Getty Villa.

The debate centers on balancing‌ the cultural meaning and established infrastructure of the current sites with the⁤ paramount need to protect irreplaceable artworks.The discussion has ⁣gained ‍momentum ⁤with the potential availability of ​the Kenneth Hahn Hall of‌ Management in downtown Los Angeles, a site​ some see as a viable alternative.

Voices from ‍the Art World and Beyond

The‍ prospect of moving ⁢the ‌Getty’s collections has elicited strong reactions from art professionals, local residents, and ​concerned citizens.

Jordan Peimer, emphasizing the Getty’s⁤ proven track record, stated, ‌”The Getty has proven ​it has done an extraordinary job of stewardship. If⁤ anyone appreciates the legacy they hold it is ‍the Getty.” He added, “Having worked with the ‌Getty, I am certain they‌ will‍ only work to continually upgrade their already established systems ‍and procedures. I am ‍confident⁣ that the ⁣collections are as safe in situ as ​can be.”

Jane Franks, whose late husband was an artist, offered a different⁢ outlook: “As gutwrenchingly painful as even conceiving of leaving the Villa and Center is, the thoght of losing the collections⁤ is totally unimaginable… I think protecting it has to take precedence over everything else. So, yes,⁤ I would be in favor of moving to ⁤a safer location.”

Janice England⁤ raised concerns about the Getty’s proximity to ⁣environmental hazards, stating, “Yes. The ⁢Getty is adjacent to Mission Canyon Landfill that covers hundreds of acres and is filled⁤ with toxic waste⁣ and highly explosive, highly flammable landfill gases. There‍ have been fires there in the past.”

Christine Goethals sees⁤ a potential move as ​an possibility to revitalize downtown Los Angeles: ‍”What an opportunity for our city! That building ​is ⁤gorgeous! Majestic. A gem! Move the collections there, but keep the sites as‍ cultural centers ⁤— a bigger bonus for the city.” She ⁣envisions the Hahn Hall location as ‌a catalyst for urban renewal, ⁤suggesting, “The‌ Getty collection would reinvigorate the whole area, but the city needs to commit to⁣ creating ⁣shady⁣ green space‌ — all the way ‍to Pershing Square, which should be​ returned to its original glory with fountains and⁣ trees.”

Susan Bowles, a Getty Villa docent, expressed her attachment to the current ‍locations:⁢ “No, neither museum ‌should move. Each site is integral to the mission‍ of the institution, particularly the Getty ⁢Villa. Each was built with consideration to natural disasters⁣ including fires… I find the site particularly inspiring​ and beautiful ⁢and cannot wait to return.”

Geoff⁣ Case acknowledged the compelling‍ arguments⁤ for relocation while⁤ recognizing the unique appeal⁤ of the Getty Center’s location: ⁣”Not sure how feel about moving ⁢from the existing Getty facilities‌ yet, but‍ the author ​makes a compelling​ argument for the Hahn Center. I will say that taking out-of-town visitors ⁤up to the Getty Center on a⁢ beautiful southern California day, we’ve ⁣blown ⁢manny a mind as they look out ‍to the Pacific.”

Bonnie Carruth highlighted the potential benefits of repurposing the Hahn Center: “If‍ the decision is made to move the Hahn​ Center seems to kill two birds with one stone,preserving the 1960 architecture and housing irreplicable art objects.”

the Kenneth Hahn Hall of‍ Administration: A Potential New home?

The Kenneth ⁢Hahn Hall of Administration,⁤ located in ⁢downtown los Angeles,‌ has ‍emerged as a potential relocation site. this option presents both opportunities and challenges.

Advantages:

Structural Integrity: The building could potentially be retrofitted ‌to meet the ​highest standards of earthquake and fire safety.
Central Location: A downtown location⁤ could increase accessibility for a wider range of visitors.
Urban Revitalization: Relocating the Getty’s⁣ collections could stimulate economic growth and cultural growth ⁣in the downtown‍ area.
Preservation⁤ of Architecture: ⁣ Repurposing the Hahn Hall would preserve ‍a significant example ‌of 1960s ‌architecture.

Challenges:

seismic Activity: downtown Los Angeles is located in an active‍ seismic zone.
Security Concerns: Ensuring the security of priceless artworks⁤ in a downtown surroundings would require significant investment.
Environmental Control: Maintaining optimal temperature and⁣ humidity levels for art preservation could be challenging in an existing building.
Loss of Existing Infrastructure: The Getty ⁤Center and Villa have​ purpose-built facilities and landscapes that would be difficult to replicate.

Disaster Preparedness in California: A Growing ‍Concern

The debate over the Getty’s ⁤location reflects a broader‍ concern about disaster preparedness⁢ in California.The state faces a⁤ multitude of natural hazards, including:

Wildfires: Increasingly frequent and intense wildfires pose a significant threat to communities and cultural ‌institutions. Earthquakes: ⁣ California is located in an active seismic zone, and a major earthquake is considered unavoidable.
landslides: Heavy‍ rainfall can trigger landslides, particularly in hilly or mountainous areas.
Floods: Coastal and riverine⁣ flooding are increasing due to‌ climate change.These risks have prompted individuals, businesses, and ⁤government agencies to re-evaluate their disaster preparedness strategies.

The Getty’s Current ⁤Disaster Preparedness⁢ Measures

The Getty has invested‌ heavily in disaster preparedness measures‍ at its existing locations. These measures include:

Fire Suppression Systems: State-of-the-art fire detection and suppression systems ​are in place throughout⁣ the Getty Center and villa.
Seismic Retrofitting: ⁤ The buildings have been seismically‍ retrofitted to withstand major‍ earthquakes.
Emergency Response Plans: Complete emergency response plans are in⁢ place, and staff members receive regular training.
Collection Protection: Procedures are ​in place to protect artworks in the event of a disaster, including evacuation‌ plans and specialized packing materials.

The Future ​of the Getty: A Decision with Far-Reaching implications

The ‍decision of whether to move the Getty’s collections is a ‍complex one with⁤ far-reaching​ implications. It requires careful‌ consideration of‌ the risks and benefits⁢ of each option,​ and also input from a wide range of stakeholders. The ⁤Getty’s⁢ leadership will need⁣ to weigh the cultural significance of its current locations against the paramount need to protect its irreplaceable collections for future generations.

Table: Comparing⁢ Potential Getty Locations

| Feature ⁢ | Getty⁣ Center/villa“`html

Getty Center and Villa Face Renewed Scrutiny Amidst California wildfires: ‍Are art Treasures Truly Safe?

following​ the Palisades⁣ Fire in January 2025, concerns⁤ are‍ resurfacing about the safety ⁢of the Getty Center and Getty Villa, ⁤two ​of Los‍ Angeles’s most prized⁣ cultural institutions. Are their state-of-the-art fire defenses enough to protect priceless art collections in ​an era of increasingly intense wildfires? This report delves into the debate, ⁣examining the museums’ fire safety measures, expert opinions, and the broader⁢ implications for cultural heritage ⁤preservation in fire-prone regions.

The Getty’s ⁤Defenses: A Fortress Against Flames?

The​ Getty Center and its sister museum, ‌the Getty Villa, are renowned not only for their collections⁣ but also for their sophisticated‍ fire protection systems [1],[2]. These measures include:

  • Fire-resistant construction: Both buildings are constructed with materials designed to withstand ‍intense heat and flames.
  • Advanced sprinkler systems: ⁢ state-of-the-art sprinkler systems are in place to quickly suppress any fires that may ignite.
  • Vegetation ⁣management: The surrounding landscape is carefully managed to minimize the risk of fire spread. ⁣This includes clearing brush and planting fire-resistant vegetation.
  • Air filtration systems: ‍Sophisticated ⁤air filtration systems protect‍ the art from smoke damage.

These defenses were put to the test during the Palisades Fire in January 2025 [2], which threatened both the Getty Center and ‌the ⁢Getty⁣ Villa. While⁣ the fire came ‌dangerously ⁢close [3],⁣ the museums’ defenses held, preventing any damage to the collections.

Traffic continues as ⁣flames roar up a steep hillside ​near the Getty Center in los Angeles

In ⁣2019, ‌the “ominously named Getty⁤ Fire broke out at Getty Center Drive and raced up the hills above ⁤the museum’s parking structure⁣ and its adjacent sculpture ‌garden,” writes Knight.

(Los Angeles Times)

Voices of Concern: ‌Is Enough Realy Enough?

Despite the‍ Getty’s robust‌ defenses,some remain concerned about ‍the long-term safety of the collections. The increasing‍ frequency and intensity of wildfires‍ in California, fueled by climate change, raise questions ⁢about whether any building, no matter how well-protected, can truly withstand⁢ the threat.

Emily Cikovsky expresses ⁣a stark warning: yes. The next time might be it — buildings​ may be hardened, ⁤but very little withstands fires as they are now. happening relatively close⁤ together (2019 and 2025) is a clear warning that the area‌ is‍ a fire zone. Ignoring such a warning leads only to one thing, whether that’s next year or ⁤in another ⁤six.

This sentiment reflects a growing anxiety among many ⁤californians who have witnessed firsthand the destructive power of recent wildfires, such as the camp Fire in 2018 and the Creek fire in 2020. These fires demonstrated ⁢the ability of wildfires to overwhelm even the most prepared communities.

The Counterargument: Trusting in Expertise ⁢and ⁢Resilience

However, others argue that the ⁣Getty’s fire‍ defenses are more than adequate and that the institution has the resources and expertise⁢ to protect its collections.Diane Hines offers a strong counterpoint: Definitely not! As you point out ⁤in your‌ article both the ‍Getty Villa and the Center are two of the most fire resistant buildings in L.A. as witnessed by ‌their lack of damage in the latest firestorms. Moreover Getty has the financial resources to purchase and maintain cutting edge fire protection technology. But in the case of the Villa there ​is an even⁢ more compelling argument against a

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