▲ Imagination of the James Webb Space Telescope performing an observation mission
The James Webb Space Telescope is the largest space telescope ever developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at a cost of 13 trillion won over 25 years. The development of space telescopes has revealed new facts that had not been discovered until now. (Source: NASA)
As the James Webb Space Telescope begins to pour out observational data, similar problems are being raised one after another. Giant galaxies and supermassive black holes are being discovered in places known as early galaxies. Because the formation and growth of massive galaxies takes a vast amount of time, in theory only small, young galaxies should exist in the early universe. Therefore, this discovery is evaluated as a result that overturns the existing cosmology that ‘starts from a small galaxy and gradually evolves into a large galaxy.’ How can we explain the existence of giant galaxies in the early universe?
It is largely explained by two hypotheses. First, the growth rate of stars, galaxies, and black holes in the early universe was much faster than it is now. If the growth rate of the universe was faster than it is now, we can understand the existence of celestial bodies that are too mature for the age of the universe. The second is that the age of the universe is older than existing theories. It can be explained that it grew leisurely over a long period of time to become the giant galaxy it is today. Last July, a paper was published that actually supported the second hypothesis.
Capture of ultra-high energy cosmic ray (cosmic ray) from unknown source… Cannot be explained by modern physics
Professor Gupta’s research team says the universe is 26.7 billion years old
On July 7, a paper was published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) suggesting that the age of the universe may be 26.7 billion years, not 13.8 billion years. Professor Rajendra Gupta’s research team at the University of Ottawa said that by combining several past theories that have appeared in the astronomy community, the estimated age of the universe is 26.7 billion years. “It may be the key to resolving the contradiction,” he said.
The existing theory of universe expansion explains the redshift phenomenon.
According to cosmology, which is currently considered orthodoxy, the universe is constantly expanding at an accelerated rate. This is supported by the phenomenon that the degree of red shift increases the farther away a galaxy is. Red shift is a phenomenon in which the wavelength of light emitted by an object appears to be increased. Generally, in the visible light range of electromagnetic waves, the longer the wavelength (lower the energy), the more red it appears, so it is called red-shifted in the sense that the spectrum of an object is biased toward red. In existing cosmology, red shift is a phenomenon in which the wavelength of light becomes longer due to the expansion of space. The argument is that while light flies from a distant galaxy, the space and time in between increases, so the wavelength of light becomes longer.
Current estimates of the age of the universe are derived from redshift-derived inflation theory. By analyzing redshift, we can determine the speed at which stars are moving away from each other. Calculating the expansion rate and calculating the time until the size of the universe becomes 0 from this value is estimated to be 13.8 billion years. But if the expansion of the universe is not the cause of the red shift, what is the age of the universe?
Another theory that explains the redshift phenomenon is Tsubiki’s ‘tired light’ theory.
Astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky explains the reason for red shift with the ‘Tired Light’ theory. According to the tired theory of light, as light travels from distant space, it loses energy as it collides with atoms in other gas clouds that fill the universe. The farther away the light comes from, the more tiring it becomes, so the wavelength of the light becomes longer, resulting in a red shift.
▲ Illustration explaining redshift
Combining cosmic expansionism and tired light theory
Professor Gupta assumed that the existing expanding universe theory and the ‘tired light’ theory occur simultaneously. Redshift is reinterpreted as a hybrid phenomenon with the ‘tired light’ theory rather than purely due to expansion. If both theories are applied, the formation time of the universe will be extended further to 26.7 billion years. Although Professor Gupta’s new model is not complete, it cannot be denied that it provides a new perspective on the Big Bang theory and the universe at a time when old celestial bodies that cannot be explained by modern cosmological theories are being discovered one after another.
Research Paper RESEARCH ARTICLE
James Webb Space Telescope’s early universe observations and Lambda-CDM cosmology (conventional cosmology) / JWST early Universe observations and ΛCDM cosmology
September 2023 MNRAS 524(3):3385-3395
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< 해당 논문이 실린 MNRAS 표지 >
Deep space observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) show that the structure and mass of very early galaxies with high redshift values (about z=15), about 300 million years after the Big Bang, may have evolved as much as galaxies about 10 billion years old. It turned out that there is. The findings of JWST are therefore in strong tension with the ΛCDM cosmological model. The tired litght (TL) model is consistent with individual galaxy size data from JWST, but does not satisfactorily explain isotropy or supernova distance modulus vs. redshift data from Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) observations. We developed a mixed model that includes the concept of tired light in the expanded universe. This mixed ΛCDM model fits the Type 1a supernova data well, but does not fit the JWST observations. We start from the modified FLRW quantification, derive the Einstein and Friedman equations, and present the covariant coupling constant (CCC) model and the CCC + TL mixture model. They provide an excellent fit to the Pantheon + data, and the CCC + TL model is consistent with JWST observations. This model increases the age of the universe to 26.7 billion years (5.8 billion years at z=10 and 3.5 billion years at z=20), which provides enough time for giant galaxies to form. We therefore solve the ‘impossible early galaxy’ problem without the presence of primordial black hole seeds, modified power spectra, rapid formation of massive generation III stars, or super Eddington absorption rates. As an extension of the ΛCDM model, the CCC model can be interpreted as a dynamical cosmological constant.
conclusion
JWST appears to be playing a role in redefining cosmology, just as the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) did in the 1990s. HST puts the ΛCDM model in the center of attention. JWST, on the other hand, challenges the standard ΛCDM model. In this paper we attempted an extension of the ΛCDM model, which assumes that the cosmological constant varies dynamically. This model combines the ‘tired light’ concept with the Pantheon + data to present a new model called ‘CCC + TL’ that matches the angular sizes of high-redshift galaxies in deep space observed by JWST. This model extends the time of the universe, especially at high redshifts, creating conditions for large galaxies to form. This eliminates the need to modify and adjust existing models to form complex structures in the early universe and solves the problem that large galaxies cannot exist in the early universe.
Abstract
Deep space observations of the JWST have revealed that the structure and masses of very early Universe galaxies at high redshifts (z~15), existing at 0.3 Gyr(Giga year) after the Big Bang, may be as evolved as the galaxies in existence for ~10Gyr. The JWST findings are thus in strong tension with the ΛCDM cosmological model. While tired light (TL) models have been shown to comply with the JWST angular galaxy size data, they cannot satisfactorily explain isotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) observations or fit the supernovae distance modulus versus redshift data well. We have developed hybrid models that include the tired light concept in the expanding universe. The hybrid ΛCDM model fits the supernovae type 1a data well but not the JWST observations. We present a model with covarying coupling constants (CCC), starting from the modified FLRW metricand resulting Einstein and Friedmann equations, and a CCC + TL hybrid model. They fit the Pantheon + data admirably, and the CCC + TL model is compliant with the JWST observations. It stretches the age of the Universe to 26.7 Gyr with 5.8 Gyr at z=10 and 3.5 Gyr at z=20, giving enough time to form massive galaxies. It thus resolves the ‘impossible early galaxy’ problem without requiring the existence of primordial black hole seeds or modified power spectrum, rapid formation of massive population III stars, and super Eddington accretion rates. One could infer the CCC model as an extension of the ΛCDM model with a dynamic cosmological constant.
Conclusion
▶ Link to original paper
JWST is perhaps playing the same role as HST(Hubble Space Telescope) did in the 1990s reinventing cosmology. HST put the ΛCDM model on the pedestal. JWST is challenging standard ΛCDM. In this paper, we have attempted to show that an extension of the ΛCDM model with deemed dynamical cosmological constant, when hybridized with the tired light concept and parameterized with Pantheon + data, provides a model, dubbed CCC + TL, that is compliant with the deep space observation of JWST on the angular sizes of highredshift galaxies. It stretches the cosmic time, especially at high redshifts, to allow the formation of large galaxies. It eliminates the need for stretching and tuning existing models to produce such structures in the early Universe, thus amicably resolving the impossible early galaxy problem.
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