On July 6, a year ago, the Russian army destroyed the building of the Pedagogical University in Kharkov. On this day in 1415, the leader of the Czech Protestants, Jan Hus, was burned at the stake. In 1535, the famous English humanist Thomas More was executed. In 1885, the first rabies vaccine was tested. And in 1957, the founders of The Beatles, John Lennon and Paul McCartney, met.
Holidays and memorable dates July 6
On July 6, state and professional holidays are not celebrated in Ukraine.
In the world – World Kissing Day and World Cardiologist Day.
July 6th in history
July 6, 1415 one of the first popular Protestants, the Czech Jan Hus, was burned at the stake. He was a Roman Catholic priest, rector of the University of Prague and a church reformer. In the Czech Republic, Hus is a national hero.
Jan Hus refuses to sign the abdication on the eve of his execution on 5 July. Illustration: painting by Kamil Władysław Muttih
The reformer himself largely continued the ideas of the English theologian John Wyclif (whose teaching was banned in 1393 and recognized as heretical). Wyclif, among other things, criticized some Catholic practices and suggested that the Bible be translated into English. Jan Hus, in particular, opposed the charging of fees for the sacraments and the sale of church positions. He believed that one should not blindly obey the church, but should think for oneself. And he also spoke out for the fact that the power that violates the commandments cannot be recognized as power from God. Hus delivered his sermons in the Bethlehem chapel, and also shared ideas with teachers and students at the University of Prague.
Read also: May 25, 1521 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declared Martin Luther a heretic
The first to call Hus a heretic was the Archbishop of Prague, Zbinek Hanesburg. But due to the authority of Hus, this conflict was not in favor of the archbishop – he was even forced to leave Prague. However, the archbishop excommunicated Hus from the church, and later this decision was confirmed by Pope John XXIII. Hus’s conflict with the Catholic Church intensified when he opposed the crusade announced in 1412 by the Pope. The reason for Hus’ speech was the promise of the Pope to forgive the sins of all who join the campaign. Jan Hus opposed mass absolution and called the Pope the Antichrist. The pope ordered the heretic to be caught and judged. But his order was not carried out. However, the excommunication of Hus from the church forced him to leave Prague. He lived nearby and at that time wrote his main work – “De ecclesia” (“About the Church”).
Fatal for Hus was the decision to participate in the church council in the city of Konstanz. There they were supposed to put an end to heretical teachings and a split in the Catholic Church (after all, at that time there were three popes in Europe – Gregory XII, John XXIII and Benedict XIII). Hus had with him a safe-conduct from the Roman King Sigismund I of Luxembourg. The priest believed that he could take part in theological discussion. But he got to the church court. The security clearance didn’t help. Hus was accused of eight heresies against the church and imprisoned in a Dominican monastery. In June 1415, the trial of the priest began. He was repeatedly asked to recant his beliefs, but Gus consistently disagreed. As a result, on July 6, the court found Hus guilty of spreading the teachings of John Wyclif. They decided to burn the books written by the Czech priest, and he himself was handed over to secular authorities. The city council of Constanta on the same day decided to execute Hus by burning. The news of the burning of the priest led to unrest in the Czech lands, which later escalated into bloody Hussite wars.
July 6, 1483 King Richard III, the last of the York dynasty, was crowned in England.
Illustration: English Wikipedia
He was one of the participants in the events that went down in history as the War of the Scarlet and White Roses. This is one of the most controversial figures in English history. There are many versions of how Richard ascended the throne (in particular, about the murder of his brother and nephews). The most common is as follows. Upon becoming king, Richard’s brother Edward IV made the future successor the Duke of Gloucester. Richard faithfully served the king, received many titles and possessions. At the same time, he was suspected of murdering the elder brother of the Duke of Clarence. When King Edward IV died, his son, 12-year-old Edward V, ascended the throne. They tried to make his mother Elizabeth the regent under him. But the English magnates opposed this and made sure that Richard was made regent. He took an oath of allegiance to Edward. But later, at the initiative of Bishop Robert Stillington, the marriage of Edward IV and Elizabeth was declared invalid, and all children were illegitimately born. Therefore, Richard overthrew his nephew from the throne, and he himself was crowned.
See also: On April 25, 1660, the monarchy was restored in England, Scotland and Ireland
He was a talented ruler, but did not “reign” for long. Already in 1485, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, raised a rebellion against Richard III. Henry (a former relative of the Lancasters) married the daughter of Edward IV (of York), thereby strengthening his dubious claim to the throne. The finale of the life of Richard III was the battle with the army of Henry at Bosworth. There the king was killed in battle (he became the last king of England to fight in person). This ended the male line of Plantagenets. And the first representative of the Tudor dynasty, Henry VII, ascended the throne.
July 6, 1535 in England, the famous humanist, author of the socio-political treatise Utopia, Thomas More, was executed. More reached the heights of his career (the post of Lord Chancellor) and fell into the abyss during the reign of King Henry VIII.
Illustration: painting by Hans Holbein the younger
Like many figures of that era, Thomas More fell victim to the king’s desperate desire to part with his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and marry Anne Boleyn. Sir Thomas, who was highly respected by him, was appointed Lord Chancellor by the King after his predecessor, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, failed to secure a divorce for the King. But Thomas More was a religious man and an ideological opponent of the reform initiated by Henry – the creation of the Anglican Church. He was convinced that only the Pope (who constantly refused to do so) could divorce the king. Over time, the conflict between the king and the Lord Chancellor worsened. As a result, More retired in 1532. He also did not attend Anne Boleyn’s coronation, angering Henry VIII.
The last decision that determined the fate of Thomas More was the refusal to accept the oath, invented by Henry and his first adviser Thomas Cromwell and approved by Parliament. It contained two points: to recognize the legitimate children of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; not recognize any authority (whether secular or ecclesiastical) other than that of the Tudors. The last statement involved a refusal to recognize the authority of the Pope, with which More could not agree. He refused to take this oath. And already on April 17, 1535, the former Lord Chancellor was thrown into the Tower. Subsequently, he was found guilty of treason. And on July 6, 1535, they were beheaded. The Roman Catholic Church canonized Thomas More, in 1935 Pope Pius XI canonized him as a saint.
July 6, 1885 French microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur first (and successfully) tested the rabies vaccine.
Photo: wellcomecollection.org
He created the vaccine in the same year together with Emile Roux. And the first to be saved from a fatal illness was 9-year-old Joseph Meister. He was bitten by a rabid dog, and the boy’s mother herself turned to Pasteur with a request to try to save the child. The treatment ended successfully, Joseph recovered. Now World Rabies Day is timed to coincide with the day of the death of Louis Pasteur.
July 6, 1957 The founders of The Beatles met, as well as its leading performers and songwriters – John Lennon and Paul McCartney.
On that day, John, as part of the Quarrymen, performed at the celebrations in the church in Liverpool, and subsequently at the dances. When the group was building the sound, former member of the band and friend of the musicians Ivan Vaughan introduced John to a friend from the Liverpool Institute – 15-year-old Paul McCartney. They “found each other” immediately. After talking with Lennon and hearing his performance, McCartney, according to his memoirs, immediately came to the conclusion: “He’s cool.” Lennon, in turn, was amazed at how easily Paul performed songs that were hard for the musicians of his group. Later, Lennon and Pete Shotton decided that they wanted to invite McCartney to their place. Two weeks later, Shotton met Paul and invited him to play with the Quarrymen. Paul agreed.
July 6, 2022 With a missile attack, the Russian army destroyed the building of the Kharkiv National Pedagogical University. G.S. Frying pans. The 40-year-old watchman died.
Church holiday July 6
On July 6, Christians commemorate the martyr Agrippina. She was Roman. She did not want to get married, completely dedicating her life to God. During the persecution of Christians by Emperor Valerian, Agrippina appeared before the court, confessed her faith in Christ and was tortured. She was beaten with sticks so that her bones were broken. Then they put them in shackles. The martyr died from her injuries. Around the 11th century, the relics of the holy martyr Agrippina were transferred to Constantinople.
Folk omens
If it rains on July 6, then in five days it will be sunny.
The starry sky promises a lot of mushrooms in autumn.
If there is a thunderstorm on July 6, then this year there will be no nuts.
What not to do on July 6
Help cannot be denied.
You can not swear, especially spouses.
It is better not to analyze your dreams.
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2023-07-06 03:00:00
