Although viruses are not living beings at all, they can adapt to their environment. Sometimes their genetic makeup also changes. Researchers also observe this with Sars-CoV-2 on the spike protein, which plays an important role in the spread.
The new corona virus has only been spreading around the world for a few months. Nevertheless, it is already one of the most genetically analyzed pathogens. The aim of these analyzes is to understand the virus and its distribution channels and to combat them better. The analysis results of a team of US researchers indicate that the virus must have quickly adapted to its new host, humans, through mutation.
The researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, USA, focused on a mutation in the virus, which she calls D614G. This is the genetic modification of the so-called spike protein, which plays an essential role in the infection of human cells. So far, 14 mutations in this area have been identified, the researchers write in an as yet unchecked report published by BioRxiv.
Sharpest weapon at the same time vulnerability
The spike protein refers to the molecules that protrude like jagged crowns. These are the virus’s most powerful weapons, as it binds to the cell. At the same time, however, it is also a real weak point. The exposed spike proteins are not only recognized by the immune system, antibodies can also adhere to them. This marks the virus for further attacks by the immune system.
Bette Korber’s researchers assume that the virus will protect itself against the defense mechanisms of the human immune system by the genetic changes. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute in Frankfurt am Main had already reported on a protective measure against the virus in early April. They explained that Sars-CoV-2 protects itself from the detection of the immune system with a screen made of sugar molecules on the spike protein.
It is not yet clear how the mutations affect the properties and behavior of Sars-CoV-2. The researchers believe it is conceivable that the genetic changes could influence the immune response of the body in such a way that the infection lasts longer. This in turn would result in a longer and stronger spread of viruses, which would be a real advantage for the survival of the virus from an evolutionary point of view.
Due to the location of the mutations, it would also be conceivable that the viruses could penetrate the cells more easily as a result. This in turn would increase the infectivity of Sars-CoV-2 and worsen the epidemic.
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