A black hole is a region that is undergoing total gravitational collapse. In that region, the force of gravity has overcome all other forces that exist in the universe. The super-large gravitational force is capable of compressing a lump of matter down to its smallest form, in the form of a superdense point or what is known as a singularity.
Surrounding a black hole is an event horizon, which is the boundary area that determines whether matter can be attracted to or released from the black hole. Matter beyond the event horizon is trapped by the black hole’s gravitational pull, so strong that nothing can escape the black hole, including light.
It is very unlikely that white holes can live long.
Black holes form from a star with a massive mass, about a dozen to tens of times the mass of the Sun, that dies. A very large star weight will squeeze the star’s core until finally the star’s core collapses and a black hole is created which can attract matter and radiation around it.
The existence of this black hole was originally predicted from Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity in 1915. Astrophysicist Stony Brook University, New York, USA, Paul M Sutter in Space, August 13, 2023, wrote Einstein’s field equations which explain gravity and the curvature of space and time. , then developed by the physicist and astronomer Karl Schwarzschild in 1916 to obtain a mathematical equation that describes a black hole.
NASA’S GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER/JEREMY SCHNITTMAN
Side view of a black hole showing a disc filled with gas churning around the black hole. The black hole’s extreme gravity alters the path of light coming from different parts of the disk, resulting in a curved image of light.
The black hole in the Schwarzschild equation is described as an object undergoing gravitational collapse, having a singularity and an event horizon. The term black hole became more popular after the mathematician Martin David Kruskal in 1960 expanded the description of Schwarzchild’s black hole to include all domains of space and time.
“It took 40 years to understand black holes. However, recently, people are focusing on white holes,” Carlo Rovelli, a theoretical physicist at the Center for Theoretical Physics (CPT), University of Aix-Marseille, France, told Space, July 11, 2023.
However, the general theory of relativity ignores the flow of time. That is, all the mathematical equations used are symmetrical with respect to time. Consequently, mathematics in general relativity will work fine when time goes forward or time goes backwards.
Also read: What would happen if the Earth was inside a black hole?
So, if we watch a film about the formation of a black hole and play it backwards, we will see an object that is flowing matter and radiation. At one point, the object will explode and produce a massive star. That object is called a white hole.
According to the general theory of relativity, continued Sutter, the theory of the formation of white holes is valid. However, the character of the white hole is much stranger than that of a black hole. The process of forming a white hole is completely the opposite of a black hole.
A white hole will still be a massive object with enormous gravity. White holes also have a singularity at their center and are surrounded by an event horizon at the edges.
FUTURISM SCRAPS VIA NASA/FQTQ
A diagram explaining the differences between twin objects of black holes and white holes. Black holes have been proven to exist, but white holes are believed to be impossible. The processes inside the white hole and black hole are reversed.
Any material that is outside the white hole can never enter the white hole. When this material approaches the event horizon, it will immediately be ejected outward with a speed greater than the speed of light and give rise to a white light that shines brightly, so it is called a white hole.
Meanwhile, whatever matter is in the white hole can come out and interact with the outside world. However, because the matter outside cannot enter, the matter inside will be cut off from the past of the universe. Thus, no matter outside the white hole can affect its interior.
Through mutually reverse processes, it can be briefly described that inside a black hole there is a strong gravitational field that pulls objects in. However, there is a limit that makes an object can be pulled in or not called the event horizon.
If we can cross that boundary, he will be entangled in the black hole and unable to escape. Our future too is doomed to be at the center of a black hole no matter what we do.
Also read: The black hole at the center of the Milky Way destroys the surrounding double star system
In contrast, a white hole is almost like an antigravity object that hurls the matter inside of it non-stop. White holes also have an event horizon, objects that come from inside a white hole can cross the event horizon and be ejected into the universe. But objects from the universe cannot fit into a white hole.
So, in a black hole, we can go in but not out. On the other hand, in a white hole we can get out but not in.
Existence
If white holes were real, then when observed from a distance, white holes would appear to be black holes. Both objects have mass, rotate on their axes, and have rings of dust and gas that lie around their event horizon, the boundary that separates them from the rest of the universe.
However, if observed for a longer time, a white hole can “burp” aka eject material from it, a condition that is impossible for a black hole. “When the object is ‘burped’, then that’s when we can confirm that it is a white hole,” said Rovelli.
Even though it is mathematically possible, the existence of white holes is still a question and the curiosity of many people to this day. The theory of general relativity successfully predicts the existence of black holes even though real evidence of black holes was only obtained in 2019. Therefore, we don’t need to rule out the possibility of white holes.
SCREEN CAPTURE OF THE RESONANCE SCIENCE FOUNDATION
An overview of white holes and black holes and their relationship. Some scientists consider the white hole as the exit door from the black hole to another universe. However, more scientists believe that white holes do not exist.
Instead of being optimistic with that view, many scientists actually assess white holes as just hypothetical objects, will never exist in the universe.
General relativity isn’t the only formula in existence in the universe. There are still other branches of physics that explain how the universe works, such as electromagnetism (the study of the relationship between electric and magnetic fields) and thermodynamics (the study of converting heat into other energy).
In thermodynamics, added Sutter, there is the concept of entropy which can simply be interpreted as a measure of disorder in a system. The second law of thermodynamics shows that in a closed system, the entropy value can only increase. That means, the irregularity will continue to increase.
For example, when you throw a piano into a wood shredder, what comes out is a bunch of crushed wood chips. This condition indicates that the disturbance in the system (piano) has increased so that the second law of thermodynamics is fulfilled.
On the other hand, when you throw a bunch of pieces of wood into the same wood crusher, you can’t get a piano because that would mean reducing the disorder of the system and the second law of thermodynamics would not be satisfied. No matter how we build a wood-cutting machine system, we can never turn a wood chip into a perfect piano.
Also read: A New Era of Black Hole Exploration
Therefore, we can’t reverse the black hole formation process to get a white hole because this process would cause the entropy to decrease. Stars can end in a stellar explosion process, but stars cannot form and appear suddenly through a giant cosmic explosion process.
So, although the mathematical calculations of the general theory of relativity can explain the process by which white holes form, thermodynamic theory rejects this concept.
Confidence in the absence of a white hole was also expressed by a professor of astrophysics from the University of Sydney, Australia, Geraint Lewis. Some scientists argue that the universe is asymmetric, that is, it went from the big bang to the infinite future. With the one-way concept of the time, only black hole solutions were suitable and white holes could never exist.
“While it is mathematically possible for white holes to exist, the fact that our universe is asymmetrical makes white holes physically impossible,” he said.
SCREEN CAPTURE OF THE RESONANCE SCIENCE FOUNDATION
An overview of white holes and black holes and their relationship. When a material that falls into a black hole will be ejected into another universe through a white hole.
The only possible way for white holes to form is through the exotic process that occurred early in the universe’s formation so that white holes have their own space and time. Thus, the process of forming a white hole at the beginning of the universe will reduce the process of decreasing entropy. That means, since time started after the big bang, white holes have existed immediately.
According to Lewis, astronomy can explain the occurrence of black holes from the collapse of a star. However, the formation of white holes by the reverse process of black holes is difficult to understand.
In addition, white holes are also very unstable. A white hole retains its gravitational pull and pulls matter toward it even if it can’t get past the event horizon. However, all matter that approaches a white hole, including photons or light particles, is immediately destroyed.
Also read: Oldest Supermassive Black Hole Wind Found
Since particles heading for the white hole cannot pass through the event horizon, their energies are so great and soar rapidly that they trigger the collapse of the white hole into a black hole. This event would end the existence of the white hole.
“It is very unlikely that white holes can live long,” added Hal Haggard, a theoretical physicist at Bard College, New York, United States.
Even so, some astronomers still hope to find a white hole. Scientist Rogen Penrose even theorized that the white hole is like the exit door from the black hole to another universe. When matter falls into a black hole, it is ejected into another universe through the white hole.
Those who suspect white holes exist, Lewis continued, think white holes are in places where objects will be ejected with enormous energy, places in the universe where energy flows can occur. But until now, the characteristics of the existence of the white hole have never been found.
So, although white holes look stunning and attractive, white holes are not real cosmic objects. He is just the fruit of a mathematical calculation that exists in the general theory of relativity and unfortunately clashes with the laws of physics.
“I like exotic things, including those predicted in the theory of relativity. I wished that time warp (a hypothetical warp in time travel that would allow us to travel back and forth between eras or allow time to stop) and warp drives (technology that would allow us to travel at higher-than-light speeds) were real. But for white holes, I believe they probably don’t exist,” Lewis said.
2023-09-03 03:22:45
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