UNITED STATES.- We tell you the ephemeris of October 31stthe most important events that occurred on a date like today between 1517 y 2021.
1500
1517.- Martin Luther nails the 95 theses against the sale of indulgences by the Church of Rome in the church of the Palace of Wittenberg (Germany). It is the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
1541.- In Rome the mural “The Last Judgment” painted by Michelangelo to decorate the apse of the Sistine Chapel is officially discovered.
1700
1794.- British physicist John Dalton discovers the eye disease popularly known as color blindness or color blindness.
1800
1873.- The American steamship “Virginus” is seized in the waters of Santiago de Cuba with a load of weapons for the insurgents of the Caribbean island, which was about to provoke a war between Spain and the United States.
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1900
1918.- The Austro-Hungarian empire is dissolved after the revolution and Charles I, emperor of Austria and king of Hungary abdicates the crown.
1950.- A UN commission revokes the 1946 agreement which recommended the withdrawal of ambassadors from Madrid and the exclusion of Spain from international technical organizations.
1975.- British group Queen releases the song “Bohemian Rhapsody” for their album “A night at the Opera”.
1978.- The Constitution is approved in Spain in the plenary sessions of the Congress of Deputies and the Senate. The new Magna Carta would be approved on 6 December following a referendum.
1984.- The Indian Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, is murdered by two “Sikh” guards of his personal security.
1988.- The Federal Chamber of Buenos Aires confirms the twelve-year prison sentence of the three soldiers who led the Malvinas war against Great Britain: Leopoldo Galtieri, Jorge Anaya and Basilio Lami.
1989.- In Turkey, Prime Minister Turgut Ozal is elected president of the country.
1992.- Pope John Paul II solemnly rehabilitates, 350 years after his death, the astronomer Galileo Galilei condemned by the Holy Office.
1993.- The Peruvians approve the new constitution proposed by Fujimori in a referendum.
1994.- The government of Angola and the guerrilla National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) sign in Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, the text of a peace agreement to end the civil war in the former colony of Portugal.
1997.- The Cuban Major General, Álvaro López Miera, son and grandson of Spanish soldiers, is appointed Chief of Staff of his country’s army.
1999.- The Catholic and Evangelical Churches sign the “Joint Declaration of Divine Grace” in Berlin to put an end to 500 years of differences between the two currents of Christianity.
2000
2007.- The Spanish High National Court condemns those responsible for the 11-M attacks in Madrid and attributes their authorship to jihadist-type terrorist groups.
2008.- The XVIII Ibero-American Summit closes after the signing of the San Salvador Declaration.
2010.- Dilma Rousseff, of the Workers’ Party, becomes the first female head of state in Brazil.
2010.- “The Walking Dead” series debuts in the United States
2011.- UNESCO recognizes Palestine as a full member state.
2013.- Syria completes the process of destroying its production facilities and equipment for its chemical arsenal.
2015.- The 224 passengers of a Russian plane crashed in the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) die in an attack claimed by the Islamic State.
2017.- The 500th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation is celebrated in Germany.
2021.- Algeria closes the Maghreb Europe gas pipeline, built 25 years ago, for political reasons.
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births
- 1922.- Norodom Sihanuk, king of Cambodia.
- 1930.- Michal Collins, American astronaut.
- 1950.- Nora Isabel de Liechtenstein, princess of Liechtenstein.
- 1960 – Ciro Reza Pahlavi, heir to the throne of Iran, son of the deposed Shah Mohamed Reza Pahlavi.
- 1964.- Marco Van Basten, Dutch footballer.
deceased
- 1926.- Harry Houdini, illusionist of Austro-Hungarian origin.
- 1969.- Lola Membrives, Spanish actress born in Argentina.
- 1984.- Indira Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India.
- 1993.- Federico Fellini, Italian filmmaker.
- 1993.- River Phoenix, actor.
- 2006.- Pieter Willem Botha, former South African president.
- 2017.- Mario Das Neves, Argentine politician.
- 2020.- Sean Connery, British actor and producer.
Catholic saints
- San Alonso Rodriguez
- Saint Magnificent, martyr
- Sant’Antonino di Milano, Italian bishop.
- St. Epimachus
- San Foilan de Fosses
- Saint Quentin of Vermand8
- St. Wolfgang of Regensburg
- Blessed Cristobal of Romagna
- Blessed Domingo Collins
- Blessed Leon Nowakowski
celebrations
- World Savings Day.
- World Cities Day.
- Reformation Day (Slovenia, parts of Germany, Chile, various Protestant churches with particular emphasis on Lutheran and Reformed).
- Halloween (Ireland, Canada, United Kingdom, United States and other places).
- Brazil: Day of the Saci.
- Costa Rica: Costume party.
- Ecuador: National Shield Day.
- The Saviour: Salvadoran trade unionist day.
- United States of America: Girl Scout Founders Day.
- India: National Unity Day.
- Peru: The day of the Creole song.
