English researchers have made a new discovery about black holes

Physicists at the University of Sussex have taken an important step in researching black holes. Quantum gravitational corrections were calculated for the entropy of black holes when an interesting phenomenon was encountered. Since the 1970s, physicists have been trying to develop theories for quantum gravity and apply them to the physics of the event horizon. The most recent attempt was by Xavier Calmet. and a study by the pair Folkert Kuipers published in Physical Review D. magazine on 9 September.

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When scientists first confirmed the existence of black holes in the 1970s, they thought they were very simple, inert bodies. Then Hawking discovered that black holes aren’t exactly black and actually emit heat. And now a couple of physicists have realized that black holes are putting pressure on their surroundings.
Xavier Calmet, a physics professor and student at the University of Sussex in England, studied folk effects near the event horizon of black holes in Folkert Kuipers, something that is terribly difficult to capture when they notice a strange mathematical expression popping up in their equations. The term at first completely confused them – they didn’t know what it meant or how to explain it.

To deal with it, they used effective space theory, and months later they realized it was an expression of the pressure produced by the black hole.

No one knew before that this was possible, and it would change the way scientists think about black holes. and their relationship to the rest of the universe.

The pressure is almost absurdly less than 1054 times lower than the standard air pressure on Earth. But there it is. It has also been found that the pressure can be both positive and negative, depending on the specific mixture of quantum particles near the black hole. Their results extend to the concept of the black hole as thermodynamic entities that have not only temperature and entropy but also pressure.

In the 1970s, Stephen Hawking was one of the first physicists to apply quantum physics to try to understand what happens at the event horizon. Prior to this work, everyone just assumed that black holes were simple objects. According to the general theory of relativity, which first suggested that black holes may exist, there is nothing remarkable around the event horizon. Hawking changed everything. He realized that quantum foam — a multitude of particles that bounce in and out of existence in a vacuum of spacetime — could affect a simplified view of the event horizon. Occasionally, pairs of particles appear spontaneously from an empty vacuum of spacetime, then annihilate each other in an energy flash, returning to the vacuum to their original state. But when this happens too close to a black hole, one member of the pair can be trapped behind the event horizon and the other escapes. The black hole submits an energy bill to the escaped particle so it must lose mass. This process is the Hawking radiation and through these it was discovered that the black holes are not completely, 100% black. They shine a little. This brilliance, called blackbody radiation, means they have heat and entropy and all the other terms we regularly apply to much more conventional objects like refrigerators and car engines.

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Hawking focused on the effect of quantum mechanics on the surroundings of a black hole. Quantum mechanics does not include gravitational force, and a full description of events near event horizons should include quantum gravity, or how strong gravity works on icipici scales.

“Although the pressure exerted by the black hole that we studied is small, the fact that it is present opens up several new possibilities, embracing the sciences of astrophysics, particle physics, and quantum physics,” says Xavier Calmet.

“Hawking’s intuition was a turning point that black holes are not black but have a radiation spectrum that is very similar to black bodies / bodies, making black holes an ideal laboratory for studying the interactions between quantum dynamics and quantum mechanics, gravity and thermodynamics,” Calmet said.

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In the absence of a full quantum gravity theory, the duo used an effective space theory approach. This theory assumes that at the quantum level, gravity is weak — an assumption that allows calculations to proceed without everything falling apart when gravity is modeled as extra strong in the quantum system. Although these calculations will not reveal the full picture of the event horizon, they may provide insight into and around the black hole.
If we look at the black hole only within the general theory of relativity, we can show that there is a singularity in the middle where the physical vortices we know collapse. Hopefully, when we combine quantum space theory and general relativity, we may be able to discover a new description of black holes. Calmet said.

Because their work only modeled weak quantum gravity and neglected strong gravity, it cannot fully explain the behavior of the black hole, but it is an important step.

(Source: Live Science)

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