What’s that Cell?
Cell is the smallest unit of the building blocks of life, both humans, animals, and plants. In addition, there is a kingdom consisting of one cell, namely Protista. In human, animal, and plant cells, eukaryotic cells have an endomembrane system. The endomembrane system includes various components known as cell organelles, which perform different functions to support living things.
Cell Plants are the smallest units of plants. Cell Plants have different characteristics from cells in animals and humans. Cell The constituents of plants have several organelles that are only present in plants.
In general, cells have various organelles to carry out cell functions. The following is a list of organelles in plant cell and animals and their descriptions.
- cell membrane
cell membrane illustration
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The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that in plants is inside the cell wall, which consists of a thin layer of protein and fat. The role of the cell membrane is to regulate the entry and exit of certain substances in the cell. In addition, the outer membrane of this cell plays a role in filtering certain substances to enter, but not other substances, especially filtering solvents, but not for certain solutes.
- Cytoplasm
cytoplasm illustration
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Cytoplasm means cell fluid in the form of a liquid and viscous solution containing water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all the material, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. Cytoplasm which is only a liquid without organelles is called cytosol.
- Cell nucleus or nucleus
plant cell illustration
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The nucleus or cell nucleus is the most important organelle in the cell, which acts as a membrane structure that is only present in eukaryotic cells. The vital function of the nucleus is to store DNA or important information needed for cell division, metabolism and growth. The size of the nucleus is the second largest after the vacuole.
- Golgi body or golgi apparatus
plant cell illustration
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On plant cell, there is an organelle called the golgi apparatus which has several names such as golgi complex or golgi body. The name was given to the scientist who discovered the organelle, namely Camillo Golgi. Its main function is the packaging and secretion of proteins. These organelles receive proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, and are packaged into vesicles also present in the membrane, which are then transported to various destinations, such as lysosomes, plasma membranes or secretions. Golgi bodies also take part in the transport of lipids.
- Ribosomes
plant cell illustration
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Do you see the little brown circle in the picture? These organelles are called ribosomes. Ribosomes are the smallest organelles in the membrane consisting of RNA and proteins and are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes have an important role in carrying out the body’s performance. These organelles are complex molecular “engines” found inside cells to produce proteins from amino acids during a process called protein synthesis or translation. The process of protein synthesis is the main function, which is performed by all living cells. These organelles can be scattered freely in the cytoplasm and in the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Mitochondria
plant cell illustration
– In carrying out cell performance, this one organelle is very important. Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. This organelle performs cellular respiration by breaking down carbohydrate and sugar molecules. This process is important for generating power. Hence they are also referred to as “cell powerhouses.” This organelle has its own maternally inherited DNA (mother’s genes).
- Retikulum endoplasma (RE)
plant cell illustration
– The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of sacs in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells that produce, process, transport, and store chemical compounds for use inside and outside the cell. It becomes a vast and complex system of more or less continuous distribution of membrane convoluted cavities that take up a sizeable portion of the cytosol. Endoplasmic reticulum is divided into two, namely rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In the rough ER, ribosomes are attached and are near the nucleus.
Special Organelles in Cell Plant
After knowing about the 7 organelles found in plant cell and animals, the following is a further explanation of the specific organelles found in plant cell.
- Cell wall
plant cell illustration
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The cell wall is a rigid layer consisting of cellulose, glycoprotein, lignin, pectin and hemicellulose. This part is located outside the cell membrane, and consists of proteins, polysaccharides and cellulose. The cell wall is only present in plant cell. Outermost organelle of plant cell it has some functions below.
- The main function of the cell wall is to protect and provide structural support to the cell.
- Protects cells against mechanical stress, and to give shape and structure to cells.
- Filters molecules in and out of cells, and serves as a place to store carbohydrates.
The formation on the cell wall is guided by microtubules, which consist of three layers, namely, primary, secondary and middle lamellae. Primary cell walls are formed by cellulose compacted by enzymes.
- Plastid
plant cell illustration
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Plastids are organelles that have their own DNA. They are needed to store starch, to carry out the process of photosynthesis. In addition, it is also used in the synthesis of many molecules, which form the building blocks of cells.
There are several types of plastids and their functions, namely:
a. Leukoplas
These plastids are found in non-photosynthetic plant tissues which are useful for the storage of proteins, lipids, and starches.
b. Chloroplasts
This organelle is elongated and covered by a phospholipid membrane. Each chloroplast contains a green pigment called chlorophyll which is necessary for the process of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun and uses it to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
c. Chromoplast
Chromoplasts are responsible for the synthesis of pigments and as storage in photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. Chromoplasts have red, orange and yellow pigments that give color to all ripe fruits and flowers.
- Vakuola
plant cell illustration
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The term “vacuole” means “empty space”, which helps in the storage and disposal of various substances. The job of these organelles is to store food or other nutrients needed by cells to survive and store waste products to prevent all cells from being contaminated. A vital function of the vacuole apart from storage is to maintain pressure against the cell wall. The vacuole consists of cell sap, which consists of a mixture of salts, enzymes and other substances. The tonoplast is the membrane that surrounds the vacuole.
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