Vermont’s healthcare system is navigating a complex landscape of rising costs, regulatory oversight, and the influence of key players. The state’s residents are facing increasing concerns about the affordability of health insurance, prompting scrutiny of hospital pricing and the roles of major institutions. At the center of this dynamic are Blue Cross Blue Shield of Vermont, the Green Mountain Care Board, and hospital networks like the UVM Medical Center, each playing a crucial role in shaping the healthcare experience for Vermonters.

Blue Cross Blue Shield of Vermont holds a dominant position in the state’s health insurance market. Recent data indicates that a “whopping 75% of Vermonters with commercial insurance” are insured by Blue Cross Blue Shield, making it a central figure in the financing of healthcare services across the state. This significant market share gives the insurer considerable influence over coverage decisions and reimbursement rates, impacting the financial health of healthcare providers and the accessibility of care for residents.

BlueCross BlueShield of Vermont building in Berlin
The bluecross BlueShield of Vermont building in Berlin on Dec. 14, 2024.Photo: Sophie Stephens

The Green Mountain Care Board, established in 2011, serves as the primary regulatory body overseeing both health insurance companies and hospitals in Vermont. The board’s mission is to “keep the prices we pay low and the quality of care we receive high, while maintaining the overall health of, you know, the health care system.” This mandate places the board at the center of efforts to control costs and ensure quality within the state’s healthcare sector.

On Feb. 20, 2025, the Green Mountain Care Board appeared before the House Appropriations committee in the vermont Statehouse. Representative Robin Scheu welcomed the board, stating:

Welcome to the House Appropriations Committee.It is Thursday, Feb. 20, 2025. And we’re delighted this afternoon to have the Green Mountain Care Board with us.
Rep. Robin Scheu, House Appropriations Committee

During this meeting, lawmakers engaged with Owen Foster, the chair of the Green Mountain Care Board. Foster’s background is particularly noteworthy. He is “a lawyer by trade” and previously “prosecuted health care fraud.” His experience extends to significant legal battles within the healthcare industry. He was one of the “leading prosecutors in the case against purdue Pharma,” the company responsible for producing the highly addictive painkiller OxyContin. This case resulted in an $8 billion settlement,highlighting Foster’s commitment to holding healthcare entities accountable.

Owen Foster, chair of the Green Mountain Care Board
Owen Foster, chair of the green Mountain Care Board, testifies to state lawmakers at the Statehouse in montpelier on feb. 5, 2025. Photo: Brian stevenson

A Middlebury native, owen Foster was appointed to the Care Board by Gov.Phil Scott in 2022. His appointment signals a focus on rigorous oversight and a commitment to addressing the complex challenges within Vermont’s healthcare system. the February meeting between Owen foster and the Care Board with state lawmakers was focused on the regulators’ annual budget.

The high cost of health insurance in Vermont is a growing concern, with rising hospital prices identified as a significant driver. owen Foster succinctly summarized the problem:

Yeah, that’s easy. Its pharmaceutical prices, it’s hospital prices and it’s increased utilization. I mean, we certainly know what’s driving it.

Josh Crane elaborated on this, explaining:

He was like, it’s simple: Health insurance prices are so high because the thing our health insurance is paying for — the actual health care — has gotten really expensive. And, we as a state are using more of that really expensive thing.

Nationally, hospital prices have outpaced the growth in prices for other essential services. Data indicates that hospital prices have grown faster than prices for child care, housing, and even college tuition. Adding to the concern, vermont’s hospital prices appear to be particularly high. A study by the RAND Corporation revealed that commercially insured patients undergoing outpatient procedures,treatments,or tests in Vermont face costs approximately 11% higher than the national median. This places Vermont among the more expensive states for outpatient healthcare services.

Red and blue lines on a graph show how the price of hospital services has grown a lot, relative to other goods and services. Nationally, hospital prices have grown faster than prices for child care, housing and even college tuition.
Nationally, hospital prices have grown faster than prices for child care, housing and even college tuition.

Significant price variations exist within the region. While Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in New Hampshire offers similar services at prices slightly below the national benchmark, the UVM Medical Center’s prices are almost 40% higher. These figures are based on data from 2020 through 2022, and prices at UVM have continued to increase as then.

A bar graph compares costs of outpatient facility plus physician price as a percentage of medicare.
The RAND Corporation analyzed medical claims data from 2020 to 2022. And they found that if you have commercial insurance and get an outpatient procedure, treatment or test done in Vermont, it’ll run you about 11% more than the national median.

The UVM Medical Center attributes its higher prices, in part, to the provision of services that typically operate at a loss, such as dialysis and primary care. Dr. Stephen Leffler, president of the UVM Medical Center, explained this rationale:

Dartmouth doesn’t do dialysis. Dartmouth does less primary care than us, and less of a couple other services.

Josh Crane clarified Dr. Leffler’s statement:

Dr. Stephen Leffler is the president of the UVM Medical Center. So, basically, he’s saying higher prices help UVM balance out those losses — higher prices for things like outpatient services, wich includes care delivered by emergency departments. And emergency departments play an outsized role in Vermont’s health care landscape.

this suggests that higher prices for outpatient services, including emergency department care, help offset the financial losses incurred by providing essential but less profitable services. The prominent role of emergency departments in Vermont’s healthcare system further exacerbates this issue.Vermont’s healthcare system is also facing a significant challenge as emergency departments across the state are experiencing unprecedented backlogs. The University of Vermont (UVM) Medical center, in particular, is feeling the pressure. Dr. stephen Leffler, president of the UVM Medical Center, notes that the emergency department is currently seeing approximately 70,000 patients annually, far exceeding its intended capacity of 40,000. This surge in patients, coupled with a shortage of alternative care options, has created a bottleneck that is impacting the entire system.

Blue Cross Blue Shield of vermont is the dominant health insurance provider in the state, holding a substantial market share. Their decisions regarding coverage and reimbursement rates significantly impact the financial landscape of healthcare for vermonters.